Table 1.

Bleeding risk associated with different types of surgery

Moderate to high risk	Low risk
Neurosurgery Spinal/epidural surgical procedures Urologic surgery and procedures Vascular surgery GI surgery – major intra-abdominal Orthopaedic joint surgery Breast surgery Thoracic surgery Invasive ophthalmic surgery Reconstructive plastic surgery Pacemaker/ICD implantation Liver biopsy	Minor dermatological surgery, eg skin biopsy Cataract or glaucoma surgery Dental procedures, eg simple extractions Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Biopsy of a compressible site Joint aspiration/injection

ICD = Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; GI = gastrointestinal

Adapted with permission from Douketis et al.³³