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. 2018 Dec 17;8:17915. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36244-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Difference in the colonic luminal D-amino acids between GF mice and Ex-GF mice. (a) Hierarchical clustering showing patterns of D-amino acids. Red and green indicate high and low concentrations of metabolites, respectively. (b) Concentrations of D-amino acids. Numbers above bars indicate incidences. *Significant difference between groups in the concentration (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) by the Mann–Whitney U-test. ^†Significant difference between groups in the incident (^†p < 0.05, ^†††p < 0.001) by Fisher’s extract test. ^#These metabolites graphs are enlarged. (c) Quantitative comparison of D-amino acids between actual concentration in colonic content and estimated concentration when pellets reached the colon in GF mice and Ex-GF mice (nmol/g of feces). Estimated values of pellet D-amino acids in the colonic lumen were calculated as follows: estimated values of D-amino acids (nmol/g) = measured concentration in pellet/[pellet solid content (%)/solid content of colonic content (%)].