Table 2. Characteristics of HFrEF and CG.
| Variable | CG (n=30) | HFrEF (n=28) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 56.5±2.1 | 59.7±3.3 | 0.416a |
| Gender (male) | 22 (73.3%) | 18 (64.3%) | 0.457b |
| Smoking | 11 (36.7%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.837b |
| Alcohol consumption | 8 (26.7%) | 11 (39.3%) | 0.306b |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (13.3%) | 10 (35.7%) | 0.067c |
| Hypertension | 18 (60.0%) | 10 (35.7%) | 0.064b |
| Renal failure | 1 (3.3%) | 3 (10.7%) | 0.344c |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6±0.6 | 24.2±0.7 | 0.373a |
| BNP (ng/L) | NA | 1,018.5 (702.0–1,236.7) | NA |
| LAD (mm) | 33.5 (31.0–37.0) | 46.0 (42.0–49.8) | <0.001d |
| LVDD (mm) | 48.3±0.7 | 65.9±1.4 | <0.001a |
| LVSD (mm) | 30.0 (28.0–32.0) | 52.5 (50.0–58.0) | <0.001d |
| LVEF (%) | 68.2±0.8 | 33.4±0.8 | <0.001a |
| LVFS (%) | 38.5 (35.0–41.0) | 17.0 (15.0–19.0) | <0.001d |
Enumeration data were displayed as percentage, whereas measurement data were expressed as mean ± SEM or median with quartile range. All measurement data were analyzed using the normal distribution test, and different methods were chosen for further analysis. Data with normal distribution were expressed as mean ± SEM, whereas data with abnormal distribution were displayed as median with quartile range. a, Student t test; b, Pearson’s chi-square test; c, Fisher’s exact test; d, Mann-Whiney U test. CG, control group; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS, left ventricular fraction shortening; LVSD, left ventricular systolic diameter; SEM, standard error of mean.