Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis for predictors of intra- and extrathoracic recurrence.
| Independent variables | Intrathoracic recurrence | Extrathoracic recurrence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COX UVA | COX MVA | COX UVA | COX MVA | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age at diagnosis, years | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.805 | ||||||
| 20−49 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 50−59 | 1.096 (0.804−1.495) | 0.561 | 1.070 (0.774−1.477) | 0.683 | 0.840 (0.612−1.155) | 0.284 | |||
| 60−69 | 1.249 (0.925−1.687) | 0.147 | 1.271 (0.927−1.742) | 0.126 | 0.866 (0.635−1.181) | 0.364 | |||
| 70−79 | 1.557 (1.126−2.153) | 0.007 | 1.767 (1.257−2.485) | 0.001 | 0.959 (0.676−1.361) | 0.815 | |||
| 80+ | 3.092 (1.691−5.654) | <0.001 | 4.032 (2.170−7.492) | <0.001 | − | 0.928 | |||
| Sex | 0.004 | 0.251 | 0.271 | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Male | 1.326 (1.095−1.607) | 0.004 | 0.861 (0.666−1.112) | 0.251 | 1.129 (0.909−1.402) | 0.271 | |||
| Histology | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.007 | <0.001 | |||||
| Adenocarcinoma | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 1.441 (1.195−1.738) | <0.001 | 1.030 (0.831−1.276) | 0.789 | 0.793 (0.624−1.008) | 0.058 | 0.484 (0.372−0.630) | <0.001 | |
| Others | 1.476 (1.050−2.074) | 0.025 | 1.712 (1.160−2.526) | 0.007 | 1.477 (1.031−2.117) | 0.033 | 1.183 (0.761−1.841) | 0.455 | |
| Primary site | 0.001 | 0.242 | 0.537 | ||||||
| Upper lobe | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Middle lobe | 1.055 (0.748−1.488) | 0.762 | 1.045 (0.707−1.544) | 0.826 | 0.986 (0.638−1.524) | 0.951 | |||
| Lower lobe | 1.000 (0.827−1.209) | 0.999 | 1.035 (0.836−1.281) | 0.751 | 1.173 (0.936−1.470) | 0.166 | |||
| Main bronchus and trachea | 1.487 (1.107−1.997) | 0.008 | 0.950 (0.659−1.368) | 0.782 | 1.130 (0.743−1.719) | 0.567 | |||
| Overlapping lesions | 1.917 (1.321−2.782) | 0.001 | 1.164 (1.066−1.270) | 0.025 | 0.752 (0.370−1.527) | 0.430 | |||
| Tumor size (per 1-mm increase) | 1.168 (1.124−1.213) | <0.001 | 1.150 (1.094−1.210) | <0.001 | 1.169 (1.118−1.221) | <0.001 | 1.166 (1.101−1.236) | <0.001 | |
| Surgical method | <0.001 | 0.140 | <0.001 | 0.021 | |||||
| VATS | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Open surgery | 1.799 (1.475−2.193) | <0.001 | 1.177 ((0.925−1.497) | 0.186 | 2.085 (1.643−2.645) | <0.001 | 1.489 (1.124−1.973) | 0.006 | |
| Hybrid VATS | 0.531 (0.169−1.667) | 0.278 | 0.380 (0.094−1.538) | 0.175 | 1.076 (0.395−2.928) | 0.887 | 1.372 (0.503−3.743) | 0.537 | |
| Surgical type | 0.209 | 0.300 | |||||||
| Lobectomy | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Sublobectomy | 0.820 (0.438−1.534) | 0.534 | 0.854 (0.423−1.721) | 0.658 | |||||
| Pneumonectomy | 1.454 (0.929−2.275) | 0.102 | 1.475 (0.879−2.474) | 0.141 | |||||
| Pathological T stage | <0.001 | 0.156 | <0.001 | 0.219 | |||||
| T1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| T2 | 1.946 (1.512−2.504) | <0.001 | 1.304 (0.982−1.730) | 0.066 | 2.061 (1.526−2.784) | <0.001 | 1.270 (0.908−1.775) | 0.163 | |
| T3 | 2.268 (1.631−3.154) | <0.001 | 1.249 (0.795−1.962) | 0.334 | 2.521 (1.719−3.697) | <0.001 | 1.371 (0.801−2.347) | 0.250 | |
| T4 | 2.803 (1.833−4.171) | <0.001 | 0.988 (0.497−1.962) | 0.972 | 2.660 (1.640−4.316) | <0.001 | 0.925 (0.397−2.154) | 0.857 | |
| Pathological N stage | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| N0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| N1 | 2.387 (1.891−3.011) | <0.001 | 1.934 (1.512−2.473) | <0.001 | 3.387 (2.618−4.381) | <0.001 | 2.691 (2.044−3.544) | <0.001 | |
| N2 | 3.862 (3.121−4.779) | <0.001 | 3.731 (2.957−4.707) | <0.001 | 4.932 (3.863−6.298) | <0.001 | 3.960 (3.039−5.60) | <0.001 | |
| Grade differentiation | <0.001 | 0.043 | <0.001 | 0.005 | |||||
| Well | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Moderate | 3.412 (1.754−6.638) | <0.001 | 2.536 (1.194−4.650) | 0.013 | 5.255 (1.950−14.163) | 0.001 | 5.663 (1.794−17.879) | 0.003 | |
| Poor | 4.683 (2.404−9.124) | <0.001 | 2.392 (1.207−4.739) | 0.012 | 7.793 (2.891−21.008) | <0.001 | 6.396 (2.201−20.247) | 0.002 | |
UVA, univariate analysis; MVA, multivariate analysis.