Table 1.

Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus

System	Clinical manifestations
Constitutional	Fever, raised inflammatory markers, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, weight loss
Dermatological	Mouth ulcers, malar rash, photosensitivity, discoid rash, subacute cutaneous lupus, alopecia, livedo reticularis, purpura, vasculitis, urticaria
Musculoskeletal	Arthritis, myositis, arthralgia, myalgia
Renal	Glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, haematuria, uraemia
Cardiac	Libman-Sacks endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis, accelerated atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia
Respiratory	Pleurisy, pleural effusions, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary haemorrhage, pulmonary fibrosis
Gastroenterological	Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, peritonitis, clitis
Neurological	Seizures, psychosis, headaches, mononeuritis multiplex, peripheral and cranial neuropathy, cerebrovascular accident, chorea
Haematological	Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia
Vascular	Raynaud’s phenomenon, vasculitis, thrombosis