Table 2.
Characteristics of the 27 included animal studies.
| Study (years) |
Species (Sex, n = experimental/ control group) |
Weight | Model (method) | Anesthetic | Treatment group (Method to astragal sides) | Control group (Negative/positive) | Outcome index (time) | Intergroup differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jiang et al., 1982 | ? canines (male, 11/14) | 12–26 kg | Block LAD | Nembutal | DSS (8 mg/kg, i.v) After ischemia | No treatment | 1. Myocardial infarct size | 1. P < 0.01 |
| Tang et al., 1989 | Wistar rats (male, 6/6) | 200–250 g | Langendorff Model 10 min stabilization I/R (60 min/20 min) | Nembutal (0.6%) | DSS (4*10−8 g/ml) during stabilization | No treatment | 1. SOD 2. GSH-Px |
1. P < 0.001 2. P < 0.005 |
| Li et al., 1996 | Wistar rats (male, 7/7) | 250–280 g | Langendorff Model 10 min stabilization I/R (40 min/20 min) | Nembutal (0.6%) | DSS (0.4 mg/mL) during stabilization and reperfusion | No treatment | 1. ATP 2. TAN 3. EC |
1. P < 0.001 2. P < 0.001 3. P < 0.004 |
| Zhang et al., 2010 | SD rats (male, 6/6) | 280–320 g | Langendorff Model 30 min stabilization I/R (30 min/30 min) | Chloral hydrate (10%) | DSS (200 um) at the beginning of ischemia | No treatment | 1. ATP 2. EC |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 |
| Lu et al., 2010 | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 200–220 g | Block LAD | Urethane (20%) | DSS (24 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 7 days before ischemia | 0.9% normal saline (10 ml/kg/day, i.p) for 7 days before ischemia | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK 3. LDH |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 |
| Li et al., 2012 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 200–240 g | ISO (85mg/kg/day, i.h) for 2 consecutive days | Nembutal (35 mg/kg) | DSS (160 mg/kg/day, i.g) for 21 days and ISO on 20th and 21st day | Isosteric 0.3% CMC-Na solution (i.g) for 21 days and ISO on 20th and 21st day | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. ΔST 3. Heart weight/body weight ratio 4. CK-MB 5. LDH 6. SOD 7. TBARS 8. GSH 9. GST 10. Nrf2 11. Bax 12. Bcl-2 13. Caspase3 |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.001 3. p < 0.001 4. P < 0.001 5. p < 0.001 6. p < 0.001 7. P < 0.001 8. p < 0.001 9. p < 0.001 10. P < 0.05 11. p < 0.001 12. p < 0.001 13. p < 0.001 |
| Yin et al., 2013 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 230–270 g | Block LAD for 30 min then reflow for 180 min | Nembutal (40mg/kg) | DSS (60 mg/kg, i.v) Within 5 min at the beginning of reperfusion | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) Within 5 min at the beginning of reperfusion | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK-MB |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.01 |
| Yu J. et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 280–320 g | Langendorff Model 30 min stabilization I/R (30 min/30 min) | Nembutal (30 mg/kg) | DSS (10 um) 10 min before ischemia | No treatment | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK 3. LDH 4. ROS 5. MDA 6. SOD 7. GSH-Px 8. SOD mRNA 9. HO-1 mRNA 10. Nrf2 mRNA 11. P-AKT 12. P-ERK 13. Nrf2 |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 6. P < 0.01 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.01 9. P < 0.01 10. P < 0.01 11. P < 0.01 12. P < 0.01 13. P < 0.01 |
| Wei et al., 2016 | SD rats (male, 12/12) | 220–260 g | Block LAD | Chloral hydrate (10%, 0.4 ml/kg) | DSS (2 mg/kg/day, i.v) for 7 days after ischemia | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) for 7 days afterischemia | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. MVD 3. VEGF 4. SDF-1 5. CXCR4 |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 |
| Song et al., 2016 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 180–220 g | ISO (85 mg/kg/day, i.h) for 2 consecutive days | Urethane (4 mg/kg) | DSS (10 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 7 days before ischemia | Equivalent distilled water for 7 days before ischemia |
1. CK 2. LDH |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 |
| Fan et al., 2016 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 280–320 g | Langendorff Model 30 min stabilization I/R (30 min/60 min) | Nembutal (50 mg/kg) | DSS (10 um) during reperfusion | No treatment | 1. CK 2. LDH 3. Bcl-2 4. Bax 5. Caspase-3 6. P-mTOR mRNA 7. P-62 mRNA 8. Beclin-1 mRNA 9. LC3 mRNA 10. P-mTOR 11. P-s6k1 12. P-s6 13. P-62 14. Beclin-1 15. LC3-II 16. Bcl-2 mRNA 17.BaxmRNA 18.Caspase-3mRNA |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.01 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.01 8. P < 0.01 9. P < 0.01 10. P < 0.05 11. P > 0.05 12. P > 0.05 13. P < 0.01 14. P < 0.01 15. P > 0.05 16. P < 0.01 17. P < 0.01 18. P < 0.01 |
| Li et al., 2016 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 200–240 g | ISO (85 mg/kg/day, i.h) for 2 consecutive days | Nembutal (35mg/kg) | DSS (160 mg/kg/day, i.g) for 21 days and ISO on 20th and 21st day | Isosteric 0.3% CMC-Na solution (i.g) for 21 days and ISO on 20th and 21st day | 1. CK-MB 2. cTnT 3. ROS 4. TBARS 5. GSH/GSSH 6. Nrf2 7. Keap1 8. HO-1 9. GST 10. Cytochrome C 11. TNF-α 12. Bcl-2 13. Bax 14. Caspase-3 15. P-PI3K/PI3K 16. P-Akt/Akt |
1. P < 0.001 2. P < 0.001 3. P < 0.001 4. p < 0.001 5. p < 0.001 6. P < 0.001 7. P < 0.001 8. P < 0.001 9. P < 0.001 10. P < 0.001 11. P < 0.01 12. P < 0.01 13. P < 0.001 14. p < 0.001 15. P < 0.001 16. P < 0.001 |
| Hu et al., 2016 | SD rats (male,9/9) | 230–270 g | Block LAD for 30 min then reflow for 180 min | Nembutal (40 mg/kg) | DSS (60 mg/kg, i.v) at the time of reperfusion | No treatment | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK-MB 3. MDA 4. SOD |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| Yin et al., 2017 | SD rats (male, 17/17) | 230–270 g | Block LAD | Nembutal (30mg/kg) | DSS (60 mg/kg/day, i.v) for 14 days after 24 h of ischemia | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) for 14 days after 24 h of ischemia | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. MVD 3. VEGF 4. bFGF 5. SDF-1 6. CXCR-4 7. LVEF 8. LVFS |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.01 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 |
| Gao et al., 2017 | SD rats (male, 15/15) | 220–280 g | Langendorff Model 30 min stabilization I/R (30 min/60 min) | Chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg) | DSS (10 um) during reperfusion | No treatment | 1. Cardiac apoptosis 2. Caspase-3 3. MMP 4. MPTP 5. ATP 5G1 mRNA 6. ATP 5G1 |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.01 6. P < 0.01 |
| Dong et al., 2009 | SD rats (male, 6/6) | 200–250 g | Block LAD | Chloral hydrate (10%, 60mg/kg) | DSS (60 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 7 days beforeischemia and 2 days afterischemia | No treatment | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK 3. LDH 4. MDA 5. SOD |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| Xiang et al., 2009 | SD rats (male, 7/8) | 200–250 g | Block LAD for 30 min then reflow for 180 min | Nembutal (40 mg/kg) | DSS (9.47 mg/kg, ?) 2 h before ischemia | No treatment | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK 3. LDH 4. NO 5. MDA |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 |
| Cheng et al., 2010 | Wistar rats (male, female, 7/7) |
290–320 g | Langendorff Model 10 min stabilization I/R (40 min/20 min) | Nembutal (1%) | DSS (0.4 mg/L) during reperfusion | No treatment | 1. ATP 2. TAN |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.01 |
| Zhao et al., 2012 | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 180–220 g | Block LAD | Chloral hydrate (10%, 3.5 ml/kg) | DSS (20 mg/kg, i.v) 15 min after ischemia | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) 15 min after ischemia | 1. Bcl2/Bax 2. Caspase-3 |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 |
| Quan et al., 2012 | SD rats (male, 7/7) | 230–270 g | Block LAD for 30 min then reflow for 180 min | Nembutal (3%) | DSS (60 mg/kg, i.v) at the time of reperfusion | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) at the time of reperfusion | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK-MB 3. IL-1 4. IL-6 5. TNF-α |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| Cui G. et al., 2013 | SD rats (male, 8/8) | 220–250 g | Block LAD for 30 min then reflow for 120 min | Chloral hydrate (10%) | DSS (20 mg/kg, i.v) 15 min after ischemia | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) 15 min after ischemia | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. P-PI3K/PI3K 3. P-Akt/Akt 4. Nrf2 5. HO-1 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| Chen et al., 2014 | SD rats (male, 10/10) | 220–300 g | Block LAD for 10 min, reflow for 24 min, then block for 20 min, reflow for 80 min | Nembutal (45 mg/kg) | DSS patch (0.1 g/kg) for 3 days before r ischemia | Normal patch for 3 days before modeling | 1. Myocardial infarct size | 1. P < 0.05 |
| Cui et al., 2014 | SD rats (male, 15/18) | 220–250 g | Block LAD | Chloral hydrate (10%) | DSS (30 mg/kg, i.p) 15 min after ischemia | Isasteric normal saline (i.p) 15 min after ischemia | 1. Myocardial infarct size 2. CK 3. LDH 4. MDA 5. SOD |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.01 5. P < 0.01 |
| Wang et al., 2016 | Zebrafish embryos (–, 3/3) | – | Treated with Dox (1 μM) | – | DSS (30 μM) for 32 h | No treatment | 1. Stroke volume 2. Cardiac output 3. Fractional shortening |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 |
| Zhang X. et al., 2017 | SD rats (male, 9/9) | 250–270 g | Block LAD for 30 min then reflow for 180 min | Nembutal (5%) | DSS (90 mg/kg, ?) 30 min before ischemia and at the time of reperfusion | No treatment | 1. Myocardial infarct size | 1. P < 0.001 |
| Wang et al., 2017 | SD rats (male, 7/7) | 250–270 g | Block LAD | Nembutal (5%) | DSS (30 mg/kg, i.v) 10 min after ischemia | Isasteric normal saline (i.v) 10 min after ischemia | 1. Myocardial infarct size | 1. P < 0.01 |
| Tang et al., 2018 | Zebrafish embryos (–, 3/3) | – | Treated with Dox (35 μM) | – | DSS (30 μM) for 24 h | No treatment | 1. Stroke volume 2. Cardiac output 3. Fractional shortening |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.01 3. P < 0.01 |
SD rats, Sprague-Dawley; LAD, the left anterior descending coronary artery; DSS, Danshensu; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS, left ventricular shortening fraction; ΔST, level of ST-segment depression; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; P-Akt, phosphothreonine kinase; P-PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; P-ERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione synthetase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; Bax, BCL2-associated X protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1, Interleukin-1; IL-6, Interleukin-6; SDF-1α, stromal cell-derived factor-1 α; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MVD, microvesseldensity; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; NO, nitric oxide; P-mTOR, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin; P-S6k1, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1; P-S6, phosphorylated ribosomal protein s6; p62, sequestosome-1; LC3, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; P-JNK, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-KB, nuclear factor-κB; TRPC6, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; TAN, total adenine nucleotides; EC, energy charge; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; i.v, intravenous injection; i.p, intraperitoneal injection; i.g, intragastric administration; i.h, hypodermic injection.