Fig. 1.

RNA-sequencing analysis of oscillatory shear stress (OS) induction of the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to OS or pulsatile shear stress (PS) for the 10 timepoints as indicated. RNA samples collected at each timepoint and static controls underwent RNA-sequencing analysis. A: mRNA levels of selected endothelial cell, mesenchymal, and oxidative stress markers represented by reads per kilobase million mapped reads (RPKM). B: heat map representing the average of log₂ fold changes of OS/PS at the 10 times for the indicated genes. Each time under OS or PS involved two biological repeats. VEGFR-2, VEGF receptor 2; vWF, von Willebrand factor; CDH, cadherin; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; SM22a, smooth muscle-22α; NOX, NADPH oxidase 4; PRDX4, peroxiredoxin 4; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; MT1X, metallothionein 1X; HIF1A, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.