Fig. 4.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin (SIRT1) are involved in pulsatile shear stress (PS)-suppressed endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR; 1 mmol/l), adenovirus-SIRT1 (multiplicity of infection: 20) and OS and with compound C (5 μmol/l) or sirtinol (20 μmol/l) and PS for 24 h. mRNA levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD31, cadherin 5 (CDH5), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cadherin 2 (CDH2), fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), and vimentin were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Ctrl, control. Data are means ± SE from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 between the indicated groups.