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. 2018 Dec 11;9:1089. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01089

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Copyright © 2018 Sun, Brady, Poel, Apted, Semple, Church, O'Brien, McDonald and Shultz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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mRNA levels of pro- (A–F) and anti-inflammatory (G–I) cytokines in the ipsilateral cortex at 24h post-injury. There was a significant effect of injury on Ccl2 (A) and Ccl12 (C). Although TBI and MULTI groups appeared to have similarly elevated levels of Ccl2 and Ccl12, post-hoc analyses did not reach statistical significance after Bonferroni corrections. (B) Both the TBI and MULTI groups had significantly increased Ccl4 mRNA levels compared to the CTX group, and that the MULTI group was also significantly higher than the SHAM group. (G) The MULTI group had significantly higher mRNA levels of Cd36 than both the CTX and SHAM groups. There were no significant differences on mRNA levels of Il-1β (D), Tnf-α (E), Il-6 (F), Il-4rα (H), or Tgf-β1 (I). *different than CTX; **different than SHAM and CTX; p < 0.05. See Results for additional details.