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R protein-OsSPK1-OsRac1 modules in rice immunity. Model of the R protein-OsSPK1-OsRac1 modules in rice immunity. R protein Pit and a pair of R proteins RGA4 and RGA5 perceive effectors from rice blast fungus and then transduce their signals to the downstream molecule OsSPK1 by direct binding. Active OsSPK1 leads to OsRac1 activation at the plasma membrane, resulting in the induction of ETI.
