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IPWE in China during 2005–2015. (A–D) Spatial distribution of IPWE (A and B) and AAP exposure (C and D) in 2005 (A and C) and their changes from 2005 to 2015 (B and D). (E) IPWE and the contributions from AAP and HAP in China in 2005, 2010, and 2015. The error bars denote 95% confidence intervals of IPWE estimated by using the Monto Carlo method, as detailed in SI Appendix, section 3.
