Table 1.
Participant demographics at baseline
| Variable | MC | LC | A | NA | A‐MC | NA‐MC | A‐LC | NA‐LC | Mean | Diet | Genotype | D × G |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p‐level | p‐level | p‐level | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 38.8 ± 12.5 | 41.9 ± 12.3 | 40.4 ± 11.7 | 40.5 ± 13.3 | 39.6 ± 12.6 | 37.4 ± 13.0 | 41.5 ± 10.8 | 42.2 ± 13.5 | 40.4 ± 12.4 | 0.31 | 0.82 | 0.67 |
| Height (cm) | 162.1 ± 5.9 | 163.7 ± 8.4 | 160.8 ± 6.0 | 165.5 ± 7.9 | 160.4 ± 4.7 | 165.5 ± 6.8 | 161.3 ± 7.6 | 165.6 ± 8.7 | 163.0 ± 7.3 | 0.78 | 0.01* | 0.82 |
| Weight (kg) | 93.3 ± 23.8 | 94.3 ± 24.5 | 89.8 ± 19.8 | 98.5 ± 24.4 | 88.2 ± 17.0 | 103.3 ± 22.4 | 92.0 ± 23.8 | 95.9 ± 25.5 | 93.8 ± 22.3 | 0.76 | 0.11 | 0.34 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 35.5 ± 7.5 | 35.0 ± 8.2 | 34.6 ± 7.0 | 36.0 ± 8.7 | 34.3 ± 6.8 | 37.9 ± 8.8 | 35.0 ± 7.6 | 34.9 ± 8.7 | 35.2 ± 7.8 | 0.58 | 0.40 | 0.37 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 39.2 ± 11.7 | 39.7 ± 14.4 | 37.5 ± 41.8 | 41.8 ± 15.2 | 36.7 ± 10.7 | 44.1 ± 12.7 | 38.5 ± 14.2 | 40.6 ± 16.6 | 39.5 ± 13.6 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.47 |
| Fat‐free mass (kg) | 47.6 ± 8.3 | 47.6 ± 9.0 | 45.8 ± 7.9 | 49.7 ± 9.1 | 45.3 ± 6.9 | 52.1 ± 9.3 | 46.6 ± 9.4 | 48.4 ± 9.0 | 47.6 ± 8.6 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.27 |
| Body fat (%) | 44.3 ± 4.7 | 44.3 ± 6.0 | 44.1 ± 5.1 | 44.6 ± 5.3 | 43.9 ± 5.0 | 45.2 ± 4.0 | 44.3 ± 5.3 | 44.3 ± 6.6 | 44.3 ± 5.3 | 0.88 | 0.65 | 0.64 |
| Waist:Hip ratio | 0.79 ± 0.50 | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.41 |
| Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 21.4 ± 4.2 | 22.2 ± 5.4 | 22.2 ± 4.1 | 21.3 ± 5.6 | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 18.9 ± 3.9 | 21.6 ± 4.6 | 22.6 ± 6.0 | 21.8 ± 4.8 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.06 |
| Bench press 1RM (kg kg−1 body weight) | 0.39 ± 0.09 | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.42 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.11 | 0.37 ± 0.12 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.40 |
| Leg press 1RM (kg kg−1 body weight) | 2.50 ± 0.88 | 2.18 ± 0.73 | 2.44 ± 0.91 | 2.21 ± 0.67 | 2.63 ± 1.02 | 2.25 ± 0.45 | 2.18 ± 0.71 | 2.19 ± 0.77 | 2.34 ± 0.82 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.37 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal d−1) | 1,454 ± 293 | 1,415 ± 307 | 1,405 ± 299 | 1,468 ± 304 | 1,397 ± 274 | 1,568 ± 310 | 1,416 ± 342 | 1,415 ± 306 | 1,434 ± 304 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.29 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal/kg/d) | 19.20 ± 5.85 | 20.79 ± 8.57 | 20.51 ± 6.46 | 19.47 ± 8.42 | 19.89 ± 6.21 | 17.80 ± 5.05 | 21.38 ± 6.96 | 21.38 ± 8.75 | 20.03 ± 7.39 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.79 |
*
p < 0.05.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations. The p‐levels are from univariate analysis. A, diet aligned to genotype (n = 34); BMI, body mass index; D, diet; G, genotype; LC, low carbohydrate diet (n = 33); MC, moderate carbohydrate diet (n = 30); NA, diet not aligned to genotype (n = 29), A‐MC (n = 20), NA‐MC (n = 10), A‐LC (n = 14), NA‐LC (n = 19); VO2, oxygen uptake.