Table 2.
Absolute energy intake and percentage of total kcals ingested per day from macronutrients
| Variable | Group | Baseline | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | 12 weeks | 16 weeks | 20 weeks | 24 weeks | p‐level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy intake (kcal d−1) | MC | 1,743 ± 502 | 1,274 ± 239 | 1,305 ± 274 | 1,331 ± 312 | 1,340 ± 307 | 1,268 ± 277 | 1,280 ± 264 | Diet | 0.86 |
| LC | 1,838 ± 553 | 1,342 ± 369 | 1,279 ± 335 | 1,354 ± 430 | 1,246 ± 371 | 1,279 ± 352 | 1,203 ± 321 | Genotype | 0.97 | |
| A | 1,795 ± 553 | 1,355 ± 304 | 1,327 ± 307 | 1,342 ± 370 | 1,256 ± 298 | 1,251 ± 283 | 1,240 ± 221 | G × D | 0.08 | |
| NA | 1,790 ± 505 | 1,256 ± 320 | 1,250 ± 304 | 1,345 ± 388 | 1,331 ± 390 | 1,300 ± 354 | 1,239 ± 368 | T × D | 0.32 | |
| A‐MC | 1,738 ± 593 | 1,272 ± 266 | 1,299 ± 291 | 1,273 ± 298 | 1,283 ± 298 | 1,217 ± 242 | 1,195 ± 204 | T × G | 0.23 | |
| NA‐MC | 1,754 ± 260 | 1,277 ± 185 | 1,318 ± 252 | 1,446 ± 321 | 1,454 ± 308 | 1,369 ± 326 | 1,450 ± 296 | T × G × D | 0.42 | |
| A‐LC | 1,877 ± 498 | 1,474 ± 326 | 1,366 ± 336 | 1,440 ± 448 | 1,218 ± 305 | 1,299 ± 336 | 1,305 ± 237 | Time | 0.001 | |
| NA‐LC | 1,810 ± 602 | 1,244 ± 376 | 1,214 ± 328 | 1,291 ± 417 | 1,266 ± 420 | 1,264 ± 371 | 1,128 ± 358 | |||
| Mean | 1,793 ± 527 | 1,309* ± 313 | 1,291* ± 305 | 1,343* ± 376 | 1,291* ± 343 | 1,274* ± 316 | 1,240* ± 295 | |||
| Carbohydrate intake (% kcal d−1) | MC | 40.7 ± 8.8 | 35.8 ± 10.55*** | 33.6 ± 7.7 | 36.0 ± 9.0 | 32.7 ± 8.5 | 33.6 ± 7.8 | 32.4 ± 9.3 | Diet | 0.13 |
| LC | 41.7 ± 8.2 | 28.4 ± 11.0 | 30.0 ± 9.6 | 31.1 ± 13.8 | 29.3 ± 9.7 | 29.5 ± 10.8 | 29.3 ± 10.6 | Genotype | 0.27 | |
| A | 42.4 ± 8.5 | 33.4 ± 12.2 | 33.1 ± 8.4 | 35.8 ± 10.8 | 32.0 ± 8.5 | 32.8 ± 9.0 | 31.5 ± 10.3 | G × D | 0.95 | |
| NA | 39.8 ± 8.3 | 30.2 ± 10.2 | 30.1 ± 9.3 | 30.6 ± 12.7 | 29.6 ± 10.0 | 29.8 ± 10.3 | 30.0 ± 9.9 | T × D | 0.06 | |
| A‐MC | 42.3 ± 9.2 | 36.2 ± 11.8 | 34.4 ± 7.5 | 36.5 ± 8.0 | 32.8 ± 7.6 | 35.1 ± 6.8 | 33.0 ± 8.9 | T × G | 0.87 | |
| NA‐MC | 37.6 ± 7.2 | 35.0 ± 7.9 | 32.1 ± 8.3 | 35.0 ± 11.0 | 32.4 ± 10.4 | 30.4 ± 9.1 | 31.3 ± 10.4 | T × G × D | 0.52 | |
| A‐LC | 42.6 ± 7.5 | 29.4 ± 11.9 | 31.3 ± 9.5 | 34.8 ± 14.2 | 30.8 ± 9.7 | 29.5 ± 10.8 | 29.4 ± 11.9 | Time | <0.001 | |
| NA‐LC | 41.0 ± 8.7 | 27.6 ± 10.6 | 29.1 ± 9.9 | 28.3 ± 13.2 | 28.2 ± 9.8 | 29.4 ± 11.1 | 29.2 ± 9.9 | |||
| Mean | 41.2 ± 8.4 | 31.9* ± 11.3 | 31.7* ± 8.9 | 33.4* ± 11.9 | 30.9* , ** ± 9.2 | 31.4* , ** ± 9.7 | 30.8* , ** ± 10.1 | |||
| Protein intake (% kcal d−1) | MC | 19.5 ± 5.3 | 30.9 ± 7.8 | 31.4 ± 7.6 | 29.9 ± 10.2 | 32.0 ± 7.9 | 30.9 ± 8.0 | 33.0 ± 8.0 | Diet | 0.31 |
| LC | 18.4 ± 4.5 | 34.1 ± 9.1 | 33.9 ± 8.5 | 33.3 ± 9.4 | 34.5 ± 8.2 | 33.2 ± 8.5 | 34.6 ± 8.1 | Genotype | 0.24 | |
| A | 18.6 ± 4.6 | 31.8 ± 9.8 | 31.4 ± 8.1 | 29.6 ± 10.6 | 32.2 ± 7.1 | 31.8 ± 7.9 | 32.2 ± 8.1 | G × D | 0.87 | |
| NA | 19.4 ± 5.2 | 33.5 ± 6.9 | 34.2 ± 7.9 | 34.2 ± 8.4 | 34.6 ± 9.1 | 32.4 ± 8.8 | 35.8 ± 7.7 | T × D | 0.38 | |
| A‐MC | 18.6 ± 5.1 | 30.6 ± 8.2 | 31.0 ± 7.4 | 28.8 ± 10.8 | 32.1 ± 7.1 | 30.5 ± 6.6 | 32.2 ± 7.2 | T × G | 0.53 | |
| NA‐MC | 21.3 ± 5.3 | 31.5 ± 7.3 | 32.1 ± 8.1 | 32.3 ± 8.8 | 31.8 ± 9.7 | 31.7 ± 10.7 | 34.6 ± 9.7 | T × G × D | 0.63 | |
| A‐LC | 18.5 ± 4.0 | 33.6 ± 11.9 | 32.0 ± 9.3 | 30.9 ± 10.6 | 32.4 ± 7.5 | 33.8 ± 9.4 | 32.2 ± 9.5 | Time | <0.001 | |
| NA‐LC | 18.3 ± 4.9 | 34.5 ± 6.7 | 35.4 ± 7.8 | 35.1 ± 8.3 | 36.1 ± 8.6 | 32.8 ± 8.0 | 36.4 ± 6.7 | |||
| Mean | 18.9 ± 4.9 | 32.6* ± 8.6 | 32.7* ± 8.1 | 31.7* ± 9.9 | 33.3* ± 8.1 | 32.1* ± 8.3 | 33.8* , ** ± 8.1 | |||
| Fat intake (% kcal d−1) | MC | 38.6 ± 6.4 | 32.8 ± 7.2 | 34.1 ± 6.9 | 33.1 ± 5.3 | 34.4 ± 5.4 | 34.8 ± 8.2 | 33.9 ± 5.8 | Diet | 0.20 |
| LC | 39.0 ± 6.1 | 37.4 ± 9.7 | 34.7 ± 6.3 | 34.8 ± 8.7 | 36.2 ± 6.8 | 36.7 ± 8.3 | 35.8 ± 6.9 | Genotype | 0.51 | |
| A | 38.1 ± 6.4 | 34.4 ± 10.0 | 33.8 ± 6.0 | 33.3 ± 7.1 | 35.2 ± 5.4 | 34.7 ± 7.9 | 35.2 ± 6.5 | G × D | 0.71 | |
| NA | 39.6 ± 6.0 | 36.1 ± 7.4 | 35.2 ± 7.2 | 34.8 ± 7.5 | 35.5 ± 7.1 | 37.1 ± 8.6 | 34.5 ± 6.3 | T × D | 0.46 | |
| A‐MC | 38.3 ± 6.7 | 32.7 ± 8.0 | 33.8 ± 6.1 | 33.4 ± 5.6 | 34.0 ± 5.4 | 33.2 ± 6.7 | 33.3 ± 5.2 | T × G | 0.77 | |
| NA‐MC | 39.2 ± 6.1 | 32.9 ± 5.7 | 34.9 ± 8.7 | 32.5 ± 4.9 | 35.4 ± 5.5 | 38.0 ± 10.1 | 34.9 ± 6.9 | T × G × D | 0.28 | |
| A‐LC | 37.9 ± 6.2 | 36.8 ± 12.1 | 33.7 ± 6.0 | 33.1 ± 9.0 | 36.9 ± 5.1 | 36.9 ± 9.1 | 37.8 ± 7.5 | Time | 0.001 | |
| NA‐LC | 39.8 ± 6.1 | 37.8 ± 7.7 | 35.4 ± 6.6 | 36.0 ± 8.4 | 35.6 ± 8.0 | 36.6 ± 7.9 | 34.3 ± 6.2 | |||
| Mean | 38.8 ± 6.2 | 35.2* ± 8.8 | 34.4* ± 6.6 | 34.0* ± 7.3 | 35.3* ± 6.2 | 35.8* ± 8.2 | 34.9* ± 6.4 | |||
*
Different from baseline (p < 0.05).
**
Different from 12 weeks (p < 0.05).
***
Difference between diet groups (p < 0.05).
Data presented as mean ± standard deviations. The p‐levels are from univariate analysis. A, diet aligned to genotype (n = 34); D, diet effect; G, genotype match to diet effect; G × D, genotype match to diet × diet effect; LC, low carbohydrate diet (n = 33); MC, moderate carbohydrate diet (n = 30); NA, diet not aligned to genotype (n = 29), A‐MC (n = 20), NA‐MC (n = 10), A‐LC (n = 14), NA‐LC (n = 19); T, time effect; T × G, time × genotype match to diet effect.