Table 3.
Relative energy and macronutrient intake
| Variable | Group | Baseline | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | 12 weeks | 16 weeks | 20 weeks | 24 weeks | p‐level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy intake (kcal/kg/d) | MC | 19.20 ± 5.85 | 14.35 ± 3.39 | 15.00 ± 4.36 | 15.36 ± 4.62 | 15.47 ± 4.26 | 14.76 ± 4.47 | 14.72 ± 3.66 | Diet | 0.32 |
| LC | 20.79 ± 8.57 | 15.59 ± 5.99 | 14.99 ± 5.20 | 15.91 ± 5.50 | 14.71 ± 5.53 | 15.18 ± 5.68 | 14.45 ± 5.30 | Genotype | 0.15 | |
| A | 20.51 ± 6.47 | 16.06 ± 4.96 | 15.77 ± 4.44 | 15.99 ± 4.34 | 15.26 ± 4.74 | 15.22 ± 4.75 | 14.97 ± 3.29 | G × D | 0.45 | |
| NA | 19.47 ± 8.42 | 13.75 ± 4.68 | 14.08 ± 5.07 | 15.25 ± 5.86 | 14.86 ± 5.25 | 14.70 ± 5.57 | 14.11 ± 5.72 | T × D | 0.34 | |
| A‐MC | 19.89 ± 6.21 | 14.93 ± 3.01 | 15.57 ± 4.39 | 15.45 ± 4.45 | 15.52 ± 3.74 | 14.90 ± 4.17 | 14.54 ± 3.42 | T × G | 0.26 | |
| NA‐MC | 17.80 ± 5.05 | 13.18 ± 3.95 | 13.84 ± 4.30 | 15.17 ± 5.17 | 15.39 ± 5.39 | 14.48 ± 5.26 | 15.07 ± 4.26 | T × G × D | 0.45 | |
| A‐LC | 21.38 ± 6.96 | 17.68 ± 6.66 | 16.04 ± 4.67 | 16.75 ± 4.21 | 14.88 ± 6.03 | 15.66 ± 5.61 | 15.58 ± 3.12 | Time | 0.005 | |
| NA‐LC | 20.35 ± 9.75 | 14.05 ± 5.09 | 14.21 ± 5.54 | 15.29 ± 6.33 | 14.58 ± 5.30 | 14.82 ± 5.85 | 13.61 ± 6.41 | |||
| Mean | 20.03 ± 7.39 | 15.00* ± 4.93 | 14.99* ± 5.19 | 15.65* ± 5.07 | 15.07* ± 4.94 | 14.98* ± 5.10 | 14.58* ± 4.56 | |||
| CHO intake (g/kg/d) | MC | 1.91 ± 0.72 | 1.27 ± 0.59 | 1.26 ± 0.50 | 1.35 ± 0.53 | 1.21 ± 0.50 | 1.22 ± 0.51 | 1.19 ± 0.48 | Diet | 0.61 |
| LC | 2.11 ± 1.07 | 1.07 ± 0.61 | 1.11 ± 0.56 | 1.17 ± 0.77 | 1.05 ± 0.56 | 1.09 ± 0.59 | 1.02 ± 0.57 | Genotype | 0.14 | |
| A | 2.10 ± 0.78 | 1.30 ± 0.61 | 1.30 ± 0.52 | 1.41 ± 0.69 | 1.17 ± 0.48 | 1.22 ± 0.53 | 1.18 ± 0.52 | G × D | 0.83 | |
| NA | 1.91 ± 1.07 | 1.01 ± 0.56 | 1.04 ± 0.53 | 1.07 ± 0.61 | 1.07 ± 0.60 | 1.07 ± 0.57 | 1.00 ± 0.54 | T × D | 0.10 | |
| A‐MC | 2.04 ± 0.72 | 1.35 ± 0.63 | 1.34 ± 0.51 | 1.39 ± 0.54 | 1.20 ± 0.44 | 1.29 ± 0.53 | 1.20 ± 0.49 | T × G | 0.62 | |
| NA‐MC | 1.65 ± 0.67 | 1.13 ± 0.49 | 1.11 ± 0.49 | 1.28 ± 0.53 | 1.21 ± 0.64 | 1.07 ± 0.46 | 1.15 ± 0.49 | T × G × D | 0.41 | |
| A‐LC | 2.19 ± 0.88 | 1.23 ± 0.60 | 1.26 ± 0.55 | 1.44 ± 0.89 | 1.13 ± 0.54 | 1.13 ± 0.52 | 1.16 ± 0.59 | Time | <0.001 | |
| NA‐LC | 2.06 ± 1.22 | 0.94 ± 0.60 | 1.00 ± 0.56 | 0.97 ± 0.63 | 0.99 ± 0.58 | 1.06 ± 0.64 | 0.92 ± 0.55 | |||
| Mean | 2.02 ± 0.92 | 1.16* ± 0.60 | 1.18* ± 0.54 | 1.26* ± 0.67 | 1.12* , ** ± 0.54 | 1.15* ± 0.55 | 1.10* , ** ± 0.53 | |||
| Protein intake (g/kg/d) | MC | 0.88 ± 0.31 | 1.45 ± 2.09 | 1.12 ± 0.30 | 1.12 ± 0.39 | 1.18 ± 0.38 | 1.10 ± 0.35 | 1.17 ± 0.33 | Diet | 0.62 |
| LC | 0.90 ± 0.35 | 1.29 ± 0.69 | 1.22 ± 0.54 | 1.27 ± 0.60 | 1.19 ± 0.61 | 1.22 ± 0.63 | 1.20 ± 0.54 | Genotype | 0.43 | |
| A | 0.89 ± 0.30 | 1.60 ± 2.01 | 1.18 ± 0.40 | 1.16 ± 0.47 | 1.20 ± 0.52 | 1.21 ± 0.55 | 1.17 ± 0.36 | G × D | 0.99 | |
| NA | 0.88 ± 0.36 | 1.09 ± 0.43 | 1.16 ± 0.49 | 1.25 ± 0.57 | 1.16 ± 0.51 | 1.11 ± 0.47 | 1.20 ± 0.54 | T × D | 0.75 | |
| A‐MC | 0.87 ± 0.29 | 1.67 ± 2.54 | 1.15 ± 0.26 | 1.10 ± 0.35 | 1.20 ± 0.36 | 1.13 ± 0.30 | 1.14 ± 0.28 | T × G | 0.23 | |
| NA‐MC | 0.91 ± 0.36 | 1.01 ± 0.39 | 1.07 ± 0.39 | 1.18 ± 0.47 | 1.12 ± 0.44 | 1.06 ± 0.45 | 1.23 ± 0.43 | T × G × D | 0.72 | |
| A‐LC | 0.93 ± 0.33 | 1.51 ± 0.90 | 1.24 ± 0.56 | 1.25 ± 0.60 | 1.20 ± 0.71 | 1.33 ± 0.79 | 1.22 ± 0.45 | Time | 0.09 | |
| NA‐LC | 0.87 ± 0.37 | 1.13 ± 0.46 | 1.21 ± 0.54 | 1.29 ± 0.62 | 1.18 ± 0.55 | 1.14 ± 0.49 | 1.18 ± 0.60 | |||
| Mean | 0.89 ± 0.33 | 1.37* ± 1.52 | 1.17* ± 0.44 | 1.20* ± 0.51 | 1.18* ± 0.51 | 1.17* ± 0.52 | 1.18* ± 0.45 | |||
| Fat intake (g/kg/d) | MC | 0.80 ± 0.27 | 0.51 ± 0.18 | 0.57 ± 0.23 | 0.56 ± 0.22 | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.56 ± 0.21 | 0.54 ± 0.16 | Diet | 0.37 |
| LC | 0.88 ± 0.43 | 0.62 ± 0.30 | 0.56 ± 0.22 | 0.58 ± 0.23 | 0.56 ± 0.21 | 0.60 ± 0.24 | 0.55 ± 0.24 | Genotype | 0.43 | |
| A | 0.85 ± 0.34 | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 0.58 ± 0.21 | 0.57 ± 0.20 | 0.57 ± 0.18 | 0.56 ± 0.19 | 0.57 ± 0.16 | G × D | 0.68 | |
| NA | 0.83 ± 0.40 | 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.54 ± 0.23 | 0.57 ± 0.25 | 0.55 ± 0.21 | 0.59 ± 0.27 | 0.51 ± 0.25 | T × D | 0.38 | |
| A‐MC | 0.83 ± 0.31 | 0.53 ± 0.16 | 0.59 ± 0.24 | 0.57 ± 0.22 | 0.56 ± 0.16 | 0.53 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.15 | T × G | 0.51 | |
| NA‐MC | 0.72 ± 0.16 | 0.48 ± 0.21 | 0.52 ± 0.20 | 0.54 ± 0.25 | 0.58 ± 0.23 | 0.61 ± 0.30 | 0.56 ± 0.19 | T × G × D | 0.33 | |
| A‐LC | 0.88 ± 0.38 | 0.72 ± 0.38 | 0.57 ± 0.17 | 0.57 ± 0.17 | 0.58 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.23 | 0.63 ± 0.15 | Time | <0.001 | |
| NA‐LC | 0.88 ± 0.47 | 0.55 ± 0.22 | 0.55 ± 0.25 | 0.59 ± 0.26 | 0.54 ± 0.21 | 0.59 ± 0.26 | 0.48 ± 0.28 | |||
| Mean | 0.84 ± 0.36 | 0.57* ± 0.26 | 0.56* ± 0.22 | 0.57* ± 0.22 | 0.56* ± 0.20 | 0.58* ± 0.23 | 0.54* ± 0.21 | |||
*
Different from baseline (p < 0.05).
**
Different from 12 weeks (p < 0.05).
Data presented as mean ± standard deviations. The p‐levels are from univariate analysis. A, diet aligned to genotype (n = 34); D, diet effect; G, genotype match to diet effect; G × D, genotype match to diet × diet effect; LC, low carbohydrate diet (n = 33); MC, moderate carbohydrate diet (n = 30); NA, diet not aligned to genotype (n = 29), A‐MC (n = 20), NA‐MC (n = 10), A‐LC (n = 14), NA‐LC (n = 19); T, time effect; T × D, time × diet effect; T × G, time × genotype match to diet effect; T × G × D, time × diet × genotype match to diet effect.