TABLE 1.
Gram-negative bacteria produce PAMPs and DAMPs during infection that activate inflammasomes and other sensors
| Bacterium | Inflammasome sensor(s) [activator(s)] [reference(s)] |
|---|---|
| Acholeplasma laidlawii | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (119), NLRP7 (acylated lipopeptide) (119), NLRP12 (unknown activator) (119) |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NLRP3 (ROS, cathepsin release, K+ efflux, P2X7R) (114, 347), caspase-11 (LPS) (112, 114) |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | NLRP3 (aerolysin, hemolysin, multifunctional repeat-in-toxin) (348) |
| Aeromonas trota | NLRP3 (aerolysin) (52), NLRC4 (unknown activator) (52) |
| Aeromonas veronii | NLRC4 (T3SS) (349), NLRP3 (aerolysin, T3SS) (349) |
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | NLRP3 (cytolethal distending toxin) (350) |
| Bordetella pertussis | NLRP3 (adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA) (351), Pyrin (pertussis toxin) (74) |
| Brucella abortus | NLRP3 (mitochondrial ROS) (352, 353), AIM2 (dsDNA) (352–354) |
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | NLRP3 (T2SS, T4SS, T6SS) (355), mouse Pyrin (T6SS dependent) (72), human Pyrin (T6SS effector TecA) (73, 76) |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | NLRC4 (T3SS rod BsaK, flagellin) (123, 356), NLRP3 (unknown activator) (356), caspase-11 (LPS) (42) |
| Burkholderia thailandensis | NAIP2-NLRC4 (T3SS rod BsaK) (35), human NAIP-NLRC4 (T3SS needle BsaL and rod BsaK) (35, 133), caspase-11 (LPS) (42) |
| Campylobacter jejuni | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (155) |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | NLRP3 (mitochondrial dysfunction) (357, 358) |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | NLRP3 (LPS, mitochondrial ROS) (103, 359), AIM2 (dsDNA) (103, 359) |
| Chlamydia muridarum | Caspase-11 (LPS) (103), AIM2 (dsDNA) (103) |
| Chromobacterium violaceum | Human NAIP-NLRC4 (T3SS needle CprI) (35) |
| Citrobacter rodentium | NLRC4 (unknown activator) (360, 361), NLRP3 (T3SS independent) (360, 362), caspase-11 (LPS) (40, 104) |
| Escherichia coli | NLRC4 (T3SS rod EprJ and EscI) (123), NLRP3 (RNA-DNA hybrids, RNA) (177, 180), NLRP6 (unknown activator) (363), human NAIP-NLRC4 (T3SS needle EprI) (35), caspase-11 (LPS) (40, 104) |
| Francisella tularensis | AIM2 (dsDNA) (100, 157–160, 162–165, 171, 364), NLRP3 (IgG-opsonized, inactivated F. tularensis LVS) (365–367), caspase-4 (LPS) (94) |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | NLRP3 (mitochondrial ROS) (92, 368) |
| Helicobacter pylori | NLRP3 (ROS signaling, lysosomal destabilization, K+ efflux, VacA) (369–373) |
| Histophilus somni | Pyrin (IbpA toxin) (72) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | NLRC4 (unknown activator) (374), NLRP3 (unknown activator) (375), caspase-11 (LPS) (113) |
| Legionella pneumophila | AIM2 (DNA) (173), NAIP5 and NAIP6-NLRC4 (flagellin) (35, 126, 139, 376, 377), caspase-4 (LPS) (37), caspase-11 (LPS) (91) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | NLRP3 (lipooligosaccharide) (378) |
| Photorhabdus luminescens | NAIP5 and NAIP6-NLRC4 (flagellin) (35) |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | NLRP3 (ATP, K+ efflux, and cathepsin B) (379, 380), caspase-11 (LPS via OMVs) (381), AIM2 (dsDNA) (379) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NAIP5 and NAIP6-NLRC4 (flagellin) (35, 123, 382, 383), NAIP2-NLRC4 (T3SS rod PscI) (35, 123, 384), NLRP3 (exolysin toxin ExlA) (385), human NAIP-NLRC4 (T3SS rod PscI and needle PscF) (132), caspase-11 (LPS) (104) |
| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Human NAIP-NLRC4 (T3SS needle PrgI and rod PrgJ, flagellin) (35, 127, 130, 133), mouse NAIP1-NLRC4 (T3SS needle) (131), mouse NAIP2-NLRC4 (T3SS rod PrgJ) (34, 35, 123, 186), mouse NAIP5 or NAIP6-NLRC4 (flagellin) (34, 35, 138), caspase-4 and caspase-5 (LPS) (38, 85), caspase-11 (LPS) (13, 14) |
| Serratia marcescens | NLRP3 (toxin ShlA) |
| Shigella flexneri | NAIP2-NLRC4 (T3SS rod MxiI) (123, 129), NLRP3 (unknown activator, Shiga toxin) (386, 387), NLRP1b (metabolic stress) (388), human NAIP-NLRC4 (T3SS needle MxiH and rod MxiI) (35, 130, 133) |
| Tannerella forsythia | NLRP3–caspase-11 (LPS via OMVs) (381), AIM2 (dsDNA) (381) |
| Treponema denticola | NLRP3 (surface protein Td92, caspase-11 via LPS in OMVs) (381, 389), AIM2 (dsDNA) (381) |
| Treponema pallidum | NLRP3? (TpF1-induced ATP release) (390) |
| Vibrio cholerae | NLRP3 (cholera toxin B, El Tor hemolysin HlyA, cytotoxin MARTXVc) (40, 184), caspase-11 (LPS) (40) |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Pyrin (toxin VopS) (72) |
| Vibrio vulnificus | NLRP3 (hemolysin/cytolysin VvhA, cytotoxin MARTXVv) (184) |
| Yersinia spp. | NAIP5 and NAIP6-NLRC4 (flagellin) (35, 93), NLRP3 (T3SS effectors YopB and YopD) (93, 391–393), NLRP12 (T3SS) (394), Pyrin (YopE and YopT) (395, 396) |