TABLE 2.

Gram-positive bacteria produce PAMPs and DAMPS during infection that activate inflammasomes and other sensors

Bacterium	Inflammasome sensor(s) [activator(s)] [reference(s)]
Bacillus anthracis	NLRC4 (unknown activator) (397), NOD2 and NLRP1 (muramyl dipeptide) (122), NLRP1 (lethal toxin) (61, 62, 190)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	NLRP3 (amylosin toxin) (398)
Clostridium difficile	NLRP3 (toxins TcdA and TcdB) (399), Pyrin (toxins TcdA and TcdB) (71, 72, 75)
Clostridium botulinum	Pyrin (C3 toxin) (72)
Lactobacillus casei	NLRP3 (cathepsin B release triggered by cell wall fragments) (120)
Listeria monocytogenes	AIM2 (dsDNA) (154, 400–403), NLRC4 (flagellin) (137, 400), NLRP3 (listeriolysin O?) (154, 187, 400), NLRP7 (acylated lipopeptide?) (119), NLRP1b (metabolic stress) (388)
Propionibacterium acnes	NLRP3 (mitochondrial ROS, ATP, K+ efflux) (404–407)
Staphylococcus aureus	NLRP3 (α-, β-, and γ-hemolysins) (119, 185, 408), NLRP7 (acylated lipopeptide?) (119), AIM2 (dsDNA) (409), NLRC4 (cathepsin B release via alpha-toxin) (410)
Streptococcus agalactiae	NLRP3 (RNA, β-hemolysin) (178)
Streptococcus pyogenes	NLRP3 (streptolysin O, ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin, surface protein M1) (121, 411–413)
Streptococcus pneumoniae	AIM2 (dsDNA) (414, 415), NLRP3 (pneumolysin) (414, 416–420)