TABLE 5.
RNA viruses produce PAMPs and DAMPs during infection that activate inflammasomes and other sensors
| Virus (type of genome) | Inflammasome sensor(s) [activator(s)] [reference(s)] |
|---|---|
| Chikungunya virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | AIM2 (unknown activator) (435) |
| Dengue virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (K+ efflux, cathepsin B) (436) |
| Encephalomyocarditis virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (viroporin 2B) (261, 437) |
| Enterovirus type 71 (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (3D protein, viroporin 2B) (253, 254, 261), AIM2 (unknown activator) (255) |
| Hepatitis C virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (viral RNA, protein P7) (239, 257–259, 438, 439) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (protein R, Tat protein) (239, 240, 243, 244) |
| Influenza A virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (viral RNA, PB1-F2 peptide, M2) (217–223, 225, 232), AIM2 (host cell dsDNA) (233, 234) |
| Japanese encephalitis virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (ROS, K+ efflux) (440) |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP1 (unknown activator) (441) |
| Measles virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (442) |
| Newcastle disease virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (443) |
| Parainfluenza virus type 3 (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (K+ efflux) (444) |
| Poliovirus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (viroporin 2B) (261) |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (445, 446) |
| Rabies virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (447) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (SH viroporin, viral RNA) (182, 260, 448, 449) |
| Reovirus (dsRNA) | NLRP3 (viral RNA) (182) |
| Rhinovirus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 and NLRC5 (ion channel protein 2B) (262) |
| Rotavirus (dsRNA) | NLRP9b (dsRNA) (263) |
| Sendai virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (viral RNA) (222, 450) |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus (negative-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (viral RNA) (225, 437, 451) |
| West Nile virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (unknown activator) (452), AIM2 (unknown activator) (435) |
| Zika virus (positive-sense ssRNA) | NLRP3 (oxidative stress, NS5 protein) (256, 453, 454), AIM2 (unknown activator) (455) |