Table 2. Risk factors associated with preconception anemia among women in rural north eastern Tanzania (N = 1125) a.
| Unadjusted | Adjustedb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P- value |
| Age(years) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 0.003 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | <0.001 |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Sambaa | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Zigua | 0.82 (0.62–1.08) | 0.163 | 0.82 (0.59–1.13) | 0.231 |
| Othersc | 0.67 (0.51–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.45–0.87) | 0.005 |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 1 | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 132 | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) | 0.382 |
| 2 | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) | 0.828 | 1.16 (0.67–1.99) | 0.597 |
| 3 | 0.96 (0.64–1.41) | 0.817 | 1.01 (0.55–1.86) | 0.981 |
| ≥4 | 1.24 (0.88–1.76) | 0.226 | 1.13 (0.59–2.16) | 0.703 |
| MUAC (cm) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.03 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.698 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.007 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.060 |
| Body Mass Index | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 0.589 |
| Previous use of hormonal contraceptives | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.017 | 0.74 (0.54–1.00) | 0.053 |
| Length of menstrual periods | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 0.035 | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 0.269 |
| Length of menstrual cycles (days) | ||||
| Normal (25–35) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Short (<25) | 1.38 (0.96–2.00) | 0.082 | 1.26 (0.81–1.95) | 0.298 |
| Long(≥35) | 0.73 (0.35–1.56) | 0.423 | 0.82 (0.34–2.01 | 0.668 |
| Self-reported malaria last two months | 1.35 (1.03–1.77) | 0.035 | 1.34 (0.98–1.84) | 0.068 |
| Malaria at enrolment | 1.56 (1.04–2.35) | 0.033 | 2.21 (1.37–3.58) | 0.001 |
| Inflammation | 1.48 (1.08–2.03) | 0.015 | 1.77 (1.21–2.60) | 0.003 |
| Iron deficiency | 4.19 (3.27–5.37) | <0.001 | 4.68 (3.55–6.17) | <0.001 |
| Folate deficiency | 2.15 (0.87–5.29) | 0.059 | 2.15 (0.87–5.29) | 0.097 |
aFinal model consisted of 1125 observations due to some missing values
bOnly variables with p<0.1 were retained in the final multivariate analysis model.
cOther ethnic group comprised of 56 minority groups that constituted <10% of the total study population per group. Iron deficiency was based on Thurnhamet al. approach [26].
Abbreviation: MUAC: Mid-upper arm circumference.