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. 2018 Dec 18;8:17947. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36779-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma torch. The DBD plasma torch comprises a ceramic tube (Al₂O₃), containing stainless-steel mesh, covered with copper tape. The copper tape and stainless-steel mesh were connected to a power supply (10 kV, 10 kHz). The air flow rate was maintained at 3.5 L/min using an air pump during gas plasma generation. The distance from the tip of the plasma torch to the liquid surface on the cover glass was 20 mm.