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. 2018 Dec 18;8:17949. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36381-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of hypoxia on cell proliferation and viability. (A) Rate of proliferation defined by the ratio of the number of viable cells at day 5 to the number of viable cells at day 1. (B) Metabolism assay using resazurin dye. Cellular metabolic activity is measured as relative fluorescence units (RFU). (C) Flow cytometric analysis of live/dead fixable aqua dead cell stain using the SYTOX assay. (D) CellEvent Caspase-3/7 Green was used to measure an early indicator of apoptosis of cells destined for cell death. White bar represents normoxia. Grey bar represents hypoxia. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of triplicate samples. **p < 0.01 versus normoxia-treated cells.