Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants
| NGT (n = 446) | IGT (n = 188) | T2DM (n = 25) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 27 ± 6 | 29 ± 7 | 30 ± 7 | <0.05 |
| Female (%, n) | 36% (n = 159) | 54% (n = 102) | 64% (n = 16) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32 ± 8a | 37 ± 8b | 39 ± 9c | <0.0001 |
| Body fat (%) | 30 ± 9a | 36 ± 8b | 38 ± 8b | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic parameters | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 86 ± 7a | 97 ± 10b | 128 ± 36c | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma insulin, pmol/L | 30 (22)a | 47 (30)b | 57 (41)b | <0.0001 |
| 2-h plasma glucose, mg/dL | 105 ± 20a | 150 ± 23b | 239 ± 54c | <0.0001 |
| Indices of insulin sensitivity | ||||
| Basal HGP (mg/kgEMBS/min) | 1.9 (0.3)a | 1.9 (0.3)a | 2.1 (0.8)b | <0.0001 |
| Hepatic-IRbasal (mg/kg–1/min–1/µU/mL) | 55 (40)a | 82 (56)b | 112 (74)c | <0.0001 |
| Hepatic-IRclamp | 1.47 (0.93)a | 1.85 (1.03)b | 2.29 (1.79)b | <0.0001 |
| HIRI | 11.40 (10.26)a | 15.66 (10.54)b | 15.18 (13.23)b | <0.0001 |
| Muscle-ISclamp 10–3 (mg/kg–1/min–1)/(µU/mL) | 21.13 (18.43)a | 15.74 (9.87)b | 12.87 (9.87)b | <0.0001 |
| MISI | 14.93 (15.30)a | 12.87 (11.27)b | 15.57 (16.31)a | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). HIRI is measured as 106 [glucose AUC (mg/min–1/dL) × insulin AUC (µU/min–1/mL) during the first 30 min of the OGTT], and MISI is measured as 10–2 (mg/dL/min–1)/(µU/mL). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test was used to compare differences between groups. P values are adjusted for age and sex. Means or medians sharing the same superscript letter are not significantly different from each other across glucose tolerance status (P < 0.05)
Abbreviations: EMBS, estimated metabolic body size (fat free mass + 17.7); T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.