Figure 2.

The relationship between superoxide and ROS production and the key pathologic pathways of DR. This model demonstrates the centrality of oxidative stress to DR and has led some to purport superoxide production to be the ‘unifying mechanism’ in the complex pathology of DR. G6P = glucose-6-phosphate, F6P = fructose-6-phosphate, GA3P = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 1,3-DPG = 1,3,-diphosphoglycerate, GS6P = glucosamine-6-phosphate, a-GP = alpha-glycerol-phosphate. Reproduced with permission from Springer Nature, Copyright 2001 [45].