Table 2.

Urine-based tests to diagnosis and post-RNU monitoring for upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Name of assay	Biomaterial	Marker description	Assay	Application purpose	Diagnostic accuracy (%)		Reference
					Sensitivity	Specificity
Urine cytology	Sediment (voiding urine)	Morphology	Staining and microscopical exam	Diagnosis	50–59	83–100	69, 71
				Monitoring the intravesical recurrence	50	100	70
	Sediment (ureteral catheterization)	Morphology	Staining and microscopical exam	Diagnosis	75	67	71
ImmunoCyt/uCyt+	Sediment (voiding urine)	Tumor-associated cellular antigens (M344, LDQ10, 19A11)	Immunofluorescence	Diagnosis	75	95	69
	Sediment (ureteral catheterization)	Tumor-associated cellular antigens (M344, LDQ10, 19A11)	Immunofluorescence	Diagnosis	91	100	69
UroVysion	Sediment (voiding urine)	Aneuploidy for chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and loss of the 9p21 locus	Multitarget FISH	Diagnosis	77	95	72
NMP-22	Protein (voiding urine)	NuMA	Sandwich ELISA	Diagnosis	44	98	73
BTA stat	Protein (voiding urine)	hCFHrp	Dipstick immunoassay (POC)	Diagnosis	82	89	74
NA	DNA	CDH1, HSPA2, RASSF1A, TMEFF2, VIM, and GDF15 promoter methylations	Quantitative methylation-specific PCR	Diagnosis	84	91	81
NA	DNA	TERT promoter mutations	Sanger sequencing	Diagnosis	60	97	82
			Competitive allele-specific TaqMan PCR	Diagnosis	90	92	82
NA	DNA	GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM promoter methylations	Quantitative methylation-specific PCR	Diagnosis	91	100	83

Abbreviations: BTA, bladder tumor antigen; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; NA, not available; POC, point-of-care; RNU, radical nephroureterectomy; TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase.