. 2018 Oct 17;5(12):1801116. doi: 10.1002/advs.201801116

Table 2.

Application of POFs for sample pretreatment techniques

Sample pretreatment methods	POFs	Monomers^a)	S _BET [m² g⁻¹]	Pore sizes [nm]	Analytes^b)	Analytical instruments^c)	LODs or maximum sorption capacity	Ref.
SPE	CTF‐1	1,4‐dicyanobenzene	789	1.23	Nitroimidazoles	HPLC‐UV	0.11–0.13 µg L⁻¹	91
SPE	CTpBd COFs	cTp, benzidine	114	≈2	Metal ions	ICP‐MS	2.1–21.6 ng L⁻¹	92
µSPE	HL‐COP	BTCH, TPA	87	–	Sudan dyes	HPLC‐UV	0.03–0.15 µg L⁻¹	93
SPE	COF TpAzo	Tp, 4,4′‐azodianiline	636	2.57	Benzoylurea insecticides	HPLC‐UV	0.1–0.2 ng mL⁻¹	94
SPE	MICOFs	TPBA, Tp, fenvalerate	432	6.5	Cyano pyrethroids	HPLC‐DAD	0.011–0.018 ng g⁻¹	95
SPE	PAF‐6	Cyanuric chloride, piperazine	–	–	Bisphenol A	HPLC‐FLD	0.1 ng mL⁻¹	135
D‐µ‐SPE	CTF‐1	1,4‐dicyanobenzene	782.4	1.2	Aromatic compounds	HPLC‐UV	–	97
D‐µ‐SPE	CTF‐1	1,4‐dicyanobenzene	490	1.3	Cd²⁺	FAAS	29.26 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	136
D‐µ‐SPE	COF‐HBI	Trimesoyl chloride, PDA, HBI	66.5	6.52	U(VI) ion	ICP‐AES	81 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	98
D‐µ‐SPE	MP‐COF	HCCP, PDA	27.2	1.0–2.1	U(VI) ion	ICP‐AES	57 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	137
D‐µ‐SPE	MIPAF‐11s	TFPB, p‐divinylbenzene	95–524	–	U(VI) ion	ICP	37.28 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	101
D‐µ‐SPE	PAF‐10s	Pb²⁺ imprinted complex, divinylbenzene, TBSF	87–613	–	Pb²⁺	ICP	90.36 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	138
D‐µ‐SPE	TpPa‐1	Tp, Pa‐1	–	–	N‐linked glycopeptides	MALDI‐TOF‐MS and LC‐MS/MS	178 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	102
D‐µ‐SPE	TpPa‐2‐Ti⁴⁺	Tp, Pa‐2, Ti⁴⁺	470	2.8	Phosphopeptides	LC‐MS/MS	4 fmol	103
D‐µ‐SPE	TpBd‐Me₂ COF	Tp, o‐tolidine	468	≈2	Okadaic acid	SPATT devices	61 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	139
D‐µ‐SPE	3D‐COOH‐COF	TFPM, DHBD, SA	540	0.68	Nd³⁺	UV–vis	0.71 mmol g⁻¹	140
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@TpBd	Tp, benzidine	272.6	1.7	Bisphenols	UV–vis	160.6 and 236.7 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	[[qv: 110b]]
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@TpBd	Tp, benzidine	114.55	5.34	PAHs	HPLC‐DAD	0.83–11.7 ng L⁻¹	141
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@PDA@TbBd	Tp, benzidine	146.47	2.6	PAEs	GC‐MS	2.5–10 ng L⁻¹	142
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@COF‐1	BDBA	–	–	Paclitaxel, PAHs	HPLC‐UV	0.02 ng mL⁻¹	[[qv: 110c]]
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@PEI@COF‐LZU1	TFB, PDA	–	–	PAHs	HPLC‐UV/FLD	0.2–20 ng L⁻¹	[[qv: 110d]]
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@COF‐LZU1	TFB, PDA	872	1.1–1.3	Iodine	UV–vis	797 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	111
MSPE	NH₂‐Fe₃O₄@TpPa‐1	Tp, Pa‐1	247.8	0.4–2.0	PAHs	HPLC‐FLD	0.24–1.01 ng L⁻¹	112
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@TAPB‐TPA	TAPB, TPA	181.36	≈3.6	Bisphenols	HPLC‐MS	1.0–78.1 ng L⁻¹	113
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@COF‐Apt	Trimesoyl chloride, PDA, aptamer^e)	42–185	10–50	OH‐PCBs	HPLC‐MS	2.1 pg mL⁻¹	143
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@TAPB‐TPA	TAPB, TPA	178.87	≈3.6	Peptides	HPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS	5 ng µL⁻¹	144
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@TbBd	Tb, benzidine	196.21	≈2.8	Peptides	HPLC‐UV and HPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS	0.5 ng µL⁻¹	114
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@TpPa‐1	Tp, Pa‐1	186	3.6	N‐glycopeptides	MALDI‐TOF‐MS	28 fmol	[[qv: 115a]]
MSPE	Magnetic graphene @COF‐5	HHTP, PBA	201	1.1–1.8	N‐glycopeptides	MALDI‐TOF‐MS	0.5 fmol µL⁻¹	[[qv: 115b]]
MSPE	Magnetic graphene@ TpPa‐1	Tp, Pa‐1	–	–	Trypsin	MALDI‐TOF‐MS	268 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	[[qv: 115c]]
MSPE	Fe₂O₃/CTF‐1	1,4‐dicyanobenzene	1149	2.0	Methyl orange	UV–vis	291 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	116
MSPE	Ni/CTF‐1	1,4‐dicyanobenzene	239	–	PAEs	GC‐FID	0.024–0.085 µg g⁻¹	117
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐PTMS@CTF	Cyanuric chloride, biphenyl	–	1.3	Parabens	HPLC‐UV	0.02 µg L⁻¹	145
MSPE	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@PAF‐6	Cyanuric chloride, piperazine	120.2	2–5	Phenols, PAHs, and nitroaromatics	HPLC‐UV/FLD	0.08–5.02 ng mL⁻¹	146
MSPE	MOP‐2	BD, m‐trihydroxybenzene	327	Mesopore	Methylene blue >> methyl orange	UV–vis	1153 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	[[qv: 118a]]
MSPE	MOP‐SH	TAPB, 1,4‐benzenedithiol	270	11	Hg(II)	ICP‐OES	703 mg g⁻¹ ^d)	[[qv: 118b]]
MSPE	M‐PPOP	Pyrrole, TPA	310	–	PUHs	HPLC‐DAD	0.1–0.2 µg L⁻¹	147
SPME	SNW‐1	Melamine, TPA	231	≈1.4	PAHs, VFAs	GC‐MS	0.014–0.026 µg L⁻¹	[[qv: 123a]]
SPME	SNW‐1	Melamine, TPA	668	≈2.8	Phenols	GC‐MS	0.06–0.2 ng g⁻¹	[[qv: 123c]]
SPME	Hydrazine COF	BTCA, TPDH	722	≈1.2	Pyrethroids	GC‐ECD	0.11–0.23 µg kg⁻¹	[[qv: 123g]]
SPME	Hydrazine COF	BTCH, HPA	699	≈11	OCPs	GC‐ECD	0.3–2.3 pg kg⁻¹	[[qv: 123h]]
SPME	COF‐SCU1	Trimesoyl chloride, PDA	65.3	27.2	Benzene homologues	GC‐MS	0.03–0.15 ng L⁻¹	[[qv: 123e]]
SPME	PAF‐1‐NH₂/ Ionic liquid	TBPM	–	–	OCPs	GC‐ECD	0.11–0.29 µg L⁻¹	[[qv: 123i]]
SPME	PAF‐48/gel	TPB	1308	0.54–1.17	Styrene, benzene homologues	GC‐FID	0.003–0.06 ng g⁻¹	[[qv: 123f]]
SPME	PAF	BPDBA, melamine	–	–	Antioxidants, preservatives	GC‐FID	0.12–0.30 µg L⁻¹	[[qv: 123j]]
SPME	PAF‐6	Cyanuric chloride, piperazine	159	2.06	PAHs, PAEs, and n‐alkanes	GC‐MS	0.8–4.2 ng L⁻¹	[[qv: 123b]]
SPME	POP‐1‐ POP‐3	Phloroglucinol, TPA	193–482	1.05–8.67	PAHs, BTEX	GC‐MS	0.10–0.29 ng L⁻¹	124
SPME	JUC‐Z2	TBPA	1581	0.73–1.18	Aromatic amines	GC‐MS/MS	0.010–0.012 ng L⁻¹	148
SBSE^f)	PDMS/CTF‐1	1,4‐dicyanobenzene	789	1.23	Phenols	HPLC‐DAD	0.08–0.3 µg L⁻¹	[[qv: 123d]]

^{^a)}

BPDBA: 4,4′‐biphenyldiboronic acid; BTCA: 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxaldehyde; BTCH: 1,3,5‐benzenetricarbohydrazide; cTp: 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol modified by ‐COOH groups; HBI: 2‐(2,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐benzimidazole; HCCP: hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene; HPA: 4‐hydroxyisophthalaldehyde; Pa‐1: p‐phenylenediamine; Pa‐2: 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzenediamine; PBA: phenylboronic acid; PDA: p‐phenylenediamine; SA: succinic anhydride; Tb: 1,3,5‐triformylbenzene; TBSF: 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrabromo‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene; TFB: 1,3,5‐triformylbenzene; TPB: 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene; TPDH: Terephthalic dihydrazide; TBPA: Tris(4‐bromophenyl)amine

^{^b)}

BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m, o, p‐xylene; OCPs: organochlorine pesticides; OH‐PCBs: hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls; PAEs: phthalic acid esters; PAHs: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PUHs: phenylurea herbicides; VACs: volatile aromatic compounds; VFAs: volatile fatty acids

^{^c)}

FAAS: flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer; HPLC‐DAD: high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode‐array detector; HPLC‐FLD: HPLC with a fluorescence detector; HPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS: HPLC‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry; HPLC‐UV: HPLC with an ultraviolet detector; GC‐ECD: gas chromatography with an electron capture detector; GC‐FID: GC with a flame ionization detector; GC‐MS: GC with a mass spectrometry detector; GC‐MS/MS: GC‐tandem mass spectrometery; ICP‐AES: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; ICP‐MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection; ICP‐OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; MALDI‐TOF‐MS: matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry; UV‐vis: UV‐visible spectrophotometer; SPATT, solid‐phase adsorption toxin tracking

^{^d)}

The maximum sorption capacity of POFs to analytes

^{^e)}

The sequence of aptamer: 5′ NH2‐AGC‐AGC‐ACA‐GAGGTC‐AGA‐TGC‐ACT‐CGG‐ACC‐CCA‐TTC‐TCC‐TTC‐CAT‐CCC‐TCA‐TCCGTC‐CAC‐CCT‐ATG‐CGT‐GCT‐ACC‐GTG‐AA

^{^f)}

SBSE: stir bar sorptive extraction.