Table 2.
Effects of Having a Child on Women’s Ln Hourly Wage in Fixed Effects Models and Random Effects Models
| Fixed effects model | Random effects model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Net effect of fertility | Full model | Net effect of fertility | Full model | |
| Being a mother (yes=1) | −0.204*** (0.048) | −0.158*** (0.054) | −0.224*** (0.042) | −0.140*** (0.045) |
| Age | 0.109*** (0.003) | 0.046*** (0.002) | ||
| Education (reference group: primary school and below) | ||||
| Middle school | 0.025 (0.041) | |||
| High school | 0.198*** (0.043) | |||
| College | 0.819*** (0.059) | |||
| Work experience | 0.086*** (0.010) | 0.049*** (0.008) | ||
| Work experience2 (unit=100) | 0.001 (0.024) | −0.025 (0.018) | ||
| Part time work (yes=1) | −0.184** (0.059) | −0.111* (0.049) | ||
| Occupation (reference group: agriculture related) | ||||
| Worker | 0.121 (0.116) | −0.012 (0.097) | ||
| Clerk, sales and service | 0.109 (0.118) | −0.017 (0.098) | ||
| Manager and professional | 0.186 (0.123) | 0.118 (0.101) | ||
| Other | 0.214 (0.134) | 0.044 (0.115) | ||
| Work unit (reference group: market sector) | ||||
| State sector | −0.040 (0.049) | −0.213*** (0.038) | ||
| Collective sector | −0.064 (0.049) | −0.328*** (0.039) | ||
| Time spent in other work | −0.104 (0.084) | −0.267*** (0.069) | ||
| Marital status (reference group: unmarried) | ||||
| Married | 0.233** (0.083) | 0.243*** (0.065) | ||
| Divorced | 0.162 (0.176) | 0.128 (0.139) | ||
| Widowed | 0.541*** (0.157) | 0.515*** (0.119) | ||
| Housework hour per day | −0.008*** (0.002) | −0.017*** (0.002) | ||
| Living arrangement (reference group: living independently) | ||||
| Living with wife’s parents | 0.104 (0.125) | 0.382*** (0.056) | ||
| Living with husband’s parents | −0.030 (0.058) | 0.111** (0.037) | ||
| Caring for elderly people in last week (yes=1) | 0.086 (0.048) | 0.126** (0.043) | ||
| Region (reference group: north east) | ||||
| Eastern Coastal region | 0.106* (0.052) | |||
| Middle region | −0.122* (0.049) | |||
| South west region | −0.165** (0.055) | |||
| Constant | −2.576*** (0.107) | −0.644*** (0.165) | −0.327*** (0.075) | 0.242 (0.139) |
| Observations | 2,743 | 2,743 | 2,743 | 2,743 |
Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001,