Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to CAN severity.
| Characteristic | Normal (n=294) | Early CAN (n=318) | Severe CAN (n=69) | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 56.4±9.3 | 57.7±9.6 | 61.4±7.7 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 188 (63.9) | 181 (56.9) | 37 (53.6) | 0.043 |
| Duration of diabetes, yr | 8.5±7.1 | 10.0±8.2 | 12.1±8.0 | 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 50 (17.0) | 58 (18.2) | 14 (20.3) | 0.509 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8±3.0 | 25.0±3.2 | 24.6±3.5 | 0.876 |
| WC, cm | 86.6±7.8 | 86.2±8.9 | 86.5±9.9 | 0.587 |
| WHR | 0.93±0.06 | 0.92±0.06 | 0.92±0.07 | 0.152 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 129.3±16.3 | 131.1±16.1 | 130.9±15.4 | 0.044 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 82.5±8.5 | 82.1±8.9 | 82.3±7.9 | 0.811 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 71.5±12.0 | 70.8±12.5 | 72.3±13.2 | 0.661 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 131.8±30.9 | 134.1±38.3 | 133.7±46.1 | 0.923 |
| Baseline HbA1c, % | 6.97±0.93 | 7.05±1.11 | 7.37±1.35 | 0.085 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.85±0.19 | 0.84±0.19 | 0.88±0.20 | 0.473 |
| eGFR (MDRD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.5±17.7 | 87.5±19.2 | 79.3±20.9 | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 164.2±33.4 | 163.9±32.2 | 165.1±33.4 | 0.870 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 134.2±106.3 | 120.9±73.6 | 139.5±92.6 | 0.775 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.1±10.9 | 48.7±11.4 | 49.5±13.5 | 0.038 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 91.0±26.3 | 91.2±27.9 | 90.8±29.4 | 0.902 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 65 (22.1) | 90 (28.3) | 29 (42.0) | 0.001 |
| Previous CAD | 20 (6.8) | 29 (9.1) | 6 (8.7) | 0.368 |
| Previous CVA | 12 (4.1) | 18 (5.7) | 4 (5.8) | 0.383 |
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| Life style modification only | 22 (7.5) | 18 (5.7) | 2 (2.9) | 0.134 |
| OHA only | 234 (79.6) | 243 (76.4) | 51 (73.9) | 0.228 |
| Insulin±OHA | 38 (12.9) | 57 (17.9) | 16 (23.2) | 0.019 |
| Use of hypertension medication | 163 (55.4) | 179 (56.3) | 39 (56.5) | 0.824 |
| Use of statin | 182 (61.9) | 189 (59.4) | 45 (65.2) | 0.957 |
| Use of antiplatelet | 156 (53.1) | 201 (63.2) | 44 (63.8) | 0.014 |
| During follow-up | ||||
| Follow-up period, yr | 5.4 (5.0–5.9) | 5.5 (4.9–6.0) | 5.6 (4.7–6.2) | 0.192 |
| No. of HbA1c measurements | 18.0±4.8 | 18.0±4.9 | 18.6±4.9 | 0.706 |
| Mean of serial HbA1c, % | 6.97±0.67 | 7.07±0.73 | 7.27±0.88 | 0.011 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.