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. 2018 Dec 13;9:2723. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02723

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Universal pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of MVs. The three main types of circulating MVs (PMVs, EMVs, and LMVs) exhibit common proinflammatory activities such as activation of immune cells (73, 101, 105, 109, 117–119, 147, 150, 154, 156, 159, 160, 185), activation of endothelial cells (66, 72, 100, 101, 104, 108, 145, 146, 180, 181, 200, 202, 203), release of proinflammatory cytokines (111, 113, 114, 119, 121, 152–154, 180–187, 200, 201, 212, 214), enhanced leukocyte extravasation (101, 104, 108, 130, 150, 151), and mCRP generation (162, 163). They also have an anti-inflammatory effect, based on the inhibition of the release of proinflammatory cytokines (132–134, 155, 209, 210).