Table 1.
Exosome characteristics according to type of parental cell.
| Type of cell releasing exosomes | Size (nm) | Density (g/mL) | Exosome-specific antigens | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood cells | Platelets | 40–100 | 1.14–1.18 | a. CD63—classic for many exosomes. | (18) | |
| B lymphocytes | 60–80 | 1.13 | a. major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II). | (19) | ||
| Monocytes | 50–100 | ND | a. miRNA-223. | (20) | ||
| Neutrophils | 30–80 | ND | a. Asthma remodeling-related proteins, including: Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), Serpin family H member 1 (SERPINH1), Collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1). |
(21) | ||
| Eosinophils | 162 ± 13.6 | ND | a. ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix), b. CD63, c. CD9. |
(22) | ||
| Central nervous system cells | Microglia | 40–120 | 1.15 | a. Membrane alanyl aminopeptidase (ANPEP), b. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1). |
(23) | |
| Oligodendrocytes | 30–80 | 1.10–1.14 | a. Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), b. 2′3′-cyclic-nucleotide-phosphodiesterase (CNP), c. Myelin basic protein (MBP), d. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). |
(24) | ||
| Cortical neurons | 100 | 1.11–1.19 | a. Glutamate/aspartate anionic amino acid transporter 1 (GLAST1), b. Ceruloplasmin. |
(25) | ||
| Dendritic cells | 30–100 | ND | a. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). | (27) | ||
| 30–100 | ND | a. MHC class I and class II, b. CD80, CD86, CD40, CD14. |
(28) | |||
| Adipocytes | 50–150 | ND | a. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3). | (30) | ||
| Mast cells | 40–80 | ND | a. 116 miRNAs, b. 1,800 mRNAs. |
(31) | ||
| 30–100 | ND | a. 82 mast cell-specific proteins, b. Mast cell-specific transcripts, including: c. Mast cell carboxypeptidase A (CPA3), d. Tryptase alpha/beta 1 (TPSAB1). |
(32) | |||
| Endothelial cells | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | 30–150 | ND | a. Different miRNAs: miR-21, miR-126-3p, miR-126-5p, miR-222. | (33) | |
| Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) | < 200 | ND | a. CD105, b. CD144. |
(34) | ||
| Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) | < 200 | ND | a. CD34, b. Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR). |
(34) | ||
| Hepatocytes | 57.6 ± 23 and 49.5 ± 17 | ND | a. 251 proteins, including: b. Cytochromes, c. Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), d. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). |
(35) | ||
| Intestinal epithelial cells | 30–90 | ND | Apical exosomes: a. MHC class I and class II, b. CD26, c. Syntaxin 3 (STX3), d. Microsomal dipeptidase (MDP). |
Basolateral exosomes: a. MHC class I and class II, b. CD26, c. A33 antigen, d. Epithelial cell surface antigen (ESA). |
(36) | |
| Cardiomyocytes | ~100 | ND | a. Glucose transporters (Glut1, Glut4), b. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), c. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). |
(37) | ||
ND, not determined.