. 2018 Oct 3;44(2):259–273. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0232-4

Table 1.

Primary findings from fMRI studies using drug cue paradigms in individuals with OUD

Ref.	OUD (N, F_n)	HC (N, F_n)	Drug	Status	Acute drug?	Design	Findings
Langleben et al. [46]	25, 12F	—	H	MMT	MMT	Pre and post	Pre-dose > Post-dose (heroin vs. neutral): OFC, insula, hippocampal complex, L amygdala
Mei et al. [52]	12, 1F	—	H	DTX	BUP	Onset & peak	Early scan > late scan (heroin vs. neutral): left VTA, thalamus, paracentral lobule, middle temporal gyrus and calcarine sulcus, R amygdala, hippocampus, precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
Li et al. [49]	24, 0F	20, 0F	H	AB	—	Cross-sectional	OUD > HC (heroin vs. neutral): NAcc, caudate, putamen, dlPFC, OFC, MeFG, amygdala, hippocampus, MCC, midbrain, thalamus, ACC, PCC, subcallosal gyrus
Lou et al. [51]	17 SA, 0F	—	H	DTX	—	Cross-sectional	STA > LTA (heroin vs. neutral): hippocampus, insula, thalamus, dorsal striatum, cerebellum, PCC, temporal, parietal, occipital
Lou et al. [51]	17 LA. 0F	—	H	DTX	—	Cross-sectional
Li et al. [50]	19 SA,?F	—	H	AB	—	Cross-sectional	STA > LTA (heroin vs. neutral): ACC, mPFC, caudate, IPL, precuneus, middle occipital gyrus
Li et al. [50]	18 LA,?F	—	H	AB	—	Cross-sectional
Langleben et al. [47]	13, 2F	—	H	AB	XRNTX	Pre and post	Post > Pre (heroin vs. neutral): precuneus, MFG
Langleben et al. [47]	13, 2F	—	H	AB	XRNTX	Pre and post	Post < Pre (heroin vs. neutral): amygdala, caudate, cuneus, precentral gyrus
Wang et al. [45]	30, 0F (15 SA, 15 LA)	17,?F	H	MMT	MMT	Post MMT	OUD > HC (heroin vs. neutral): PHG, dACC, thalamus, MiFG, precuneus, cerebellum, SFG;
Wang et al. [45]	30, 0F (15 SA, 15 LA)	17,?F	H	MMT	MMT	Post MMT	STA > LTA (heroin vs. neutral): caudate
Li et al. [48]	44, 0F (23 REL, 21 NR)	20, 0F	H	MMT	—	Cross-sectional	OUD > HC (heroin vs. neutral): NAcc, cerebellum, caudate, putamen, dlPFC, OFC, PHG, IPL, ITG, pons, ACC, precuneus, inferior occipital gyrus, mPFC, midbrain, SPL, STL, cingulate, fusiform
Li et al. [48]	44, 0F (23 REL, 21 NR)	20, 0F	H	MMT	—	Cross-sectional	NR < REL HC (heroin vs. neutral): NAcc, cerebellum
Walter et al. [43]	27, 8F	20, 6F	H	HMT	Heroin vs. saline	Random, DB, CO	OUD > HC (heroin vs. neutral - saline only): OFC (ROI analysis)
Walter et al. [43]	27, 8F	20, 6F	H	HMT	Heroin vs. saline	Random, DB, CO	Heroin > saline (OUD only): OFC (ROI analysis)
Wang et al. [44]	30,15F		H	XRNTX	—	Pre- & post (n = 14) 3-month tx	No change pre- to post- XRTNX (heroin vs. neutral)
Wang et al. [44]	30,15F		H	XRNTX	—	Pre- & post (n = 14) 3-month tx	pre-tx activation in MFG and ACC (heroin vs. neutral) positively correlated with tx adherence (# of XRNTX injections)

N total sample size, F_n number of female participants, Ref. reference, OUD opioid-use disorder, HC healthy control, F female, REL relapse, NR no relapse, SA short-term abstinence, LTA long-term abstinence, H heroin, AB abstinent, MMT methadone maintenance treatment, HMT heroin maintenance treatment, DTX detoxed, XRNTX extended release naltrexone, BUP buprenorphine, random, DB, CO randomized, double-blind, cross-over, NAcc nucleus accumbens, dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, MeFG medial frontal gyrus, MCC midcingulate cortex, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, STN subthalamic nucleus, PHG parahippocampal gyrus, IPL inferior parietal lobule, ITG inferior temporal gyrus, mPFC medial prefrontal cortex, ROI region of interest, dACC dorsal anterior cingulate, MiFG middle frontal gyrus, MiTG middle temporal gyrus, MFG middle frontal gyrus, tx treatment, ? not reported