Table 2.

Primary findings from fMRI studies of non-drug reward, affective and cognitive paradigms in individuals with OUD

Ref.	OUD (N, Fn)	HC (N, Fn)	Drug	Status	Acute drug?	Design	Task	Findings
Gradin et al. [57]	30, 0F	23, 0F	H	MMT	15 pre, 15 post MMT#	Cross-sectional	Monetary reward/loss	OUD < HC (win vs. no-win): caudate, IPL, precuneus, cuneus, cerebellum
								OUD < HC (loss avoidance vs. loss): insula, IFG, ventral striatum, caudate, PHG, SFG, MiFG, cerebellum
Yip et al. [58]	24, 16F	21, 12F	H	MMT	—	Cross-sectional	Monetary reward/loss	OUD < HC (reward vs. loss): PCC, precuneus, IFG, dlPFC, insula
Wang et al. [63]	16, 0F	16, 0F	H	AB	—	Cross-sectional	Affective images	OUD < HC (affective vs. neutral): amygdala
Schmidt et al. [64]	22, 8F	17, 4F	H	HMT	Heroin vs. saline	Random, DB, CO	Fearful faces	OUD > HC (fearful vs. neutral - saline only): L amygdala (ROI analysis)
								Heroin < saline (fearful vs. neutral - OUD only): L amygdala (ROI analysis)
Schmidt et al. [65]a	22, 8F	17, 4F	H	HMT	Heroin vs. saline	Reanalysis of [64]	Fearful faces	OUD > HC (fearful vs. neutral – saline only): L fusiform-amygdala connectivity, R amygdala-R OFC connectivity
								Heroin < saline (fearful vs. neutral – OUD only):
								L fusiform – L amygdala connectivity, R amygdala-R OFC connectivity
Fu et al. [69]	20, 0F	18, 0F	H	AB	—	Cross-sectional	Go/NoGo	OUD < HC (Go/NoGo vs. Go): mPFC, ACC, IFG, MeTG. insula, uncus, PHG, precuneus, SPL, MiTG
Schmidt et al. [70]	27, 7F	—	H	HMT	Heroin vs. saline	Random, DB, CO	Go/no-go	Heroin < saline (No-Go vs. Go; No-Go vs. Oddball, and Oddball vs. Go trials): IFG (ROI analysis)
Yucel et al. [71]	24, 11F	24, 11F	H	10 MMT 14 BMT	—	Cross-sectional	Multi-Source Interference	OUD < HC (con. vs. incon): lateral premotor, superior temporal, PMC
								OUD > HC (con. vs. incon): superior & inferior parietal, occipital, lPFC, cerebellum

N total sample size, F_n number of female participants, Ref. reference, OUD opioid-use disorder, HC healthy control, F female, H heroin, MMT methadone maintenance treatment, BMT buprenorphine maintenance treatment, AB abstinent, HMT heroin maintenance treatment, random, DB, CO randomized, double-blind, cross-over, IPL inferior parietal lobule, IFG inferior frontal gyrus, PHG parahippocampal gyrus, SFG superior frontal gyrus, MiFG middle frontal gyrus, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, L left, ROI region of interest, R right, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, con. congruent, incon. incongruent, PMC primary motor cortex, lPFC lateral prefrontal cortex, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, MeTG medial temporal gyrus, SPL superior parietal lobule, MiTG middle temporal gyrus, ? not reported

^aRe-analysis of [64]