Table 1.
Subject demographics and clinical characteristics.
| NCI (n = 97) | Mild CIND (n = 61) | Moderate CIND (n = 56) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60–86 (67.0 ± 4.7) | 60–84 (71.0 ± 6.4)n | 62–85 (74.0 ± 5.3)nm | < 0.0001***T |
| Gender (F/M) | 42/55 | 33/28 | 40/16n | < 0.05* |
| Handedness (R/L) | 94/3 | 61/0 | 54/2 | 0.357 |
| CDR-SB | 0–2.5 (0.08 ± 0.3) | 0–1 (0.24 ± 0.35)n | 0–3.5 (0.86 ± 0.81)nm | < 0.001**T |
| MMSE | 21–30 (26.7 ± 1.7) | 17–29 (24.5 ± 2.5)n | 14–28 (21.0 ± 3.4)nm | < 0.0001***T |
| MoCA | 15–30 (24.2 ± 2.9) | 9–29 (20.3 ± 3.5)n | 6–24 (15.7 ± 4.4)nm | < 0.0001***T |
| Executive | −1.11–1.50 (0.51 ± 0.65) | −2.24–1.50 (0.12 ± 0.80)n | −3.36–0.75 (−1.02 ± 0.95)nm | < 0.0001***T |
| Attention | −1.30–2.61 (0.56 ± 0.65) | −1.75–1.39 (0.03 ± 0.72)n | −3.80–0.95 (−1.00 ± 1.00)nm | < 0.0001*** |
| Language | −1.81–2.22 (0.62 ± 0.71) | −1.89–1.70 (−0.04 ± 0.72)n | −2.91–0.46 (−1.03 ± 0.80)nm | < 0.0001*** |
| Verbal memory | −0.59–2.58 (0.71 ± 0.68) | −1.34–2.27 (−0.28 ± 0.79)n | −2.48–1.33 (−0.92 ± 0.73)nm | < 0.0001*** |
| Visual memory | −0.68–1.98 (0.75 ± 0.67) | −2.29–1.52 (−0.23 ± 0.70)n | −2.79–0.27 (−1.04 ± 0.65)nm | < 0.0001*** |
| Visuoconstruction | −0.73–2.18 (0.68 ± 0.53) | −2.31–1.71 (−0.02 ± 0.73)n | −2.67–1.00 (−1.15 ± 0.80)nm | < 0.0001***T |
| Visuomotor speed | −0.51–2.18 (0.72 ± 0.57) | −1.69–1.38 (−0.13 ± 0.76)n | −2.28–0.96 (1.13 ± 0.68)nm | < 0.0001***T |
Data are presented as range (mean ± standard deviation). Superscript letters indicate the mean index of the representing group was significantly different from “n”–no cognitive impairment (NCI) or “m”–mild CIND based on two-sample t-test or Pearson's χ2 test (p < 0.05). NCI, no cognitive impairment; CIND, cognitive impairment no dementia; CDR-SB, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; F, female; M, male; L, left; R, right; T, Tamhane's T2.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.001,
***
p < 0.0001 for omnibus ANOVA and χ2 tests.