Table 2.

Comparison of children’s measurements according to maternal gestational diabetes status.

Children’s measurements	Multivariable-adjusted models	Non-GDM (n = 578)	GDM (n = 578)	P value
Z-score of BMI-for-age	Model 1	0.02 (0.06)	0.33 (0.06)	<0.001
	Model 2	0.03 (0.06)	0.33 (0.06)	<0.001
	Model 3	0.07 (0.05)	0.29 (0.05)	0.006
Z-score of weight-for-age	Model 1	0.45 (0.05)	0.70 (0.05)	0.001
	Model 2	0.45 (0.05)	0.70 (0.05)	0.001
	Model 3	0.48 (0.05)	0.67 (0.05)	0.009
Z-score of height-for-age	Model 1	0.68 (0.04)	0.76 (0.04)	0.18
	Model 2	0.68 (0.04)	0.76 (0.04)	0.21
	Model 3	0.68 (0.04)	0.76 (0.04)	0.17
Body fat, %	Model 1	19.1 (0.32)	20.7 (0.32)	0.001
	Model 2	19.1 (0.32)	20.7 (0.32)	<0.001
	Model 3	19.3 (0.32)	20.5 (0.32)	0.008
Waist circumference, cm	Model 1	54.7 (0.24)	56.3 (0.24)	<0.001
	Model 2	54.7 (0.25)	56.3 (0.25)	<0.001
	Model 3	54.9 (0.24)	56.1 (0.24)	<0.001
Triceps skinfold, mm	Model 1	12.9 (0.22)	12.7 (0.22)	0.59
	Model 2	12.8 (0.22)	12.7 (0.22)	0.70
	Model 3	12.9 (0.22)	12.6 (0.22)	0.29
Subscapular skinfold, mm	Model 1	7.26 (0.17)	8.07 (0.17)	0.001
	Model 2	7.24 (0.17)	8.08 (0.17)	0.001
	Model 3	7.34 (0.17)	7.99 (0.17)	0.007
Suprailiac skinfold, mm	Model 1	9.70 (0.26)	11.6 (0.26)	<0.001
	Model 2	9.68 (0.26)	11.6 (0.26)	<0.001
	Model 3	9.87 (0.26)	11.4 (0.26)	<0.001

Data are means (s.e.). Model 1 adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, education, and children’s age; for Z-score of BMI-for-age, Z-score of weight-for-age and Z-score of height-for-age, adjusted for maternal age, gestational age and education only. Model 2 adjusted for covariates in Model 1 and also for maternal smoking status, passive smoking status, alcohol drinking status, as well as children’s feeding status, vegetables and fruits intake frequency, outdoor time, screening watching time and sleeping duration. Model 3 adjusted for in Model 2 and also for maternal prepregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy.

BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.