Table 1.

Descriptive statistics, by children’s migration status

	Migrants	Returned	No migration	p
Older-adult self-rated health	2.25	2.23	2.33	b,c
Older-adult demographics
Age	65.62	67.23	68.30	a,b,c
Female	0.49	0.45	0.53	c
No education	0.63	0.64	0.68	b
Primary school	0.23	0.18	0.19	b
Middle school or higher	0.14	0.18	0.13	c
Older-adult living arrangement
Spouse present in household	0.80	0.82	0.76	b,c
Live with adult children	0.43	0.52	0.53	a, b
Live with preschool children	0.25	0.24	0.14	b, c
Older-adult health behaviors
Smoke	0.32	0.32	0.27	b
Drink	0.34	0.30	0.27	b
Older-adult resources
Have medical insurance	0.22	0.25	0.23	c
Household asset index	3.67	3.92	4.21	b
Logged household income in the	7.77	8.04	7.81	a,c
last year+1
Older-adult location
N ortheast region	0.01	0.01	0.07	b,c
East region	0.17	0.17	0.24	b,c
Inland	0.82	0.82	0.69	b,c
N	586	278	3,119

Note:

^ap<.05 comparisons made between those who had migrant children and returned migrant children,

^bp<.05 comparisons made between those who had migrant children and who had no migrant children,

^cp<.05 comparisons made between those who had returned migrant children and had no migrant children.