Table 1.
Comparison between acute HF patients with HFrEF and HFpEF
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 158) | GDF‐15 < 3000 ng/mL (n = 91) | GDF‐15 ≥ 3000 ng/mL (n = 67) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 79 (50.0) | 46 (50.5) | 33 (49.3) | 0.87 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 75 (13) | 73 (14) | 78 (12) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 86 (54.4) | 51 (56.0) | 35 (52.2) | 0.71 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 57 (36.1) | 32 (35.2) | 25 (37.3) | 0.78 |
| Arterial hypertension history, n (%) | 114 (72.2) | 64 (70.3) | 50 (74.6) | 0.52 |
| Ischaemic aetiology, n (%) | 74 (46.8) | 40 (44.0) | 34 (50.7) | 0.40 |
| Left ventricular systolic function < 40% | 87 (55.1) | 57 (57.1) | 35 (52.2) | 0.54 |
| Discharge NYHA ≥III, n (%) | 30 (19.0) | 11 (12.1) | 19 (28.4) | 0.009 |
| Discharge haemoglobin (g/dL), mean (SD) | 12.4 (2.1) | 12.8 (1.7) | 12.0 (2.4) | 0.02 |
| Discharge creatinine (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 1.44 (0.71) | 1.19 (0.36) | 1.77 (0.92) | <0.001 |
| Discharge BNP (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 599.6 (260.2–1205.4) | 444.1 (209.2–869.0) | 800.7 (390.8–1513.8) | 0.001 |
| Discharge high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR) | 12.3 (5.5–24.6) | 10.7 (4.5–21.4) | 15.5 (9.2–28.6) | 0.003 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) | 92 (58.2) | 52 (57.1) | 40 (59.7) | 0.78 |
| Statin, n (%) | 97 (61.4) | 55 (60.4) | 42 (62.7) | 0.82 |
| Beta‐blocker at discharge, n (%) | 115 (72.8) | 72 (79.1) | 43 (64.2) | 0.04 |
| ACE‐I and/or ARB at discharge, n (%) | 134 (84.8) | 79 (86.8) | 55 (82.1) | 0.41 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, n (%) | 44 (27.8) | 24 (26.4) | 20 (29.9) | 0.63 |
| 2‐year death | 71 (44.9) | 32 (35.2) | 39 (58.2) | 0.004 |
ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; GDF‐15, Growth differentiation factor 15; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IQR, interquartile range; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SD, standard deviation.