Table 3.
Results of multilevel models examining the associations between preceding physical activity and subsequent symptoms—pain, fatigue, depressed mood, and perceived cognitive function (controlling for age, MS subtype, and upper- and lower-extremity functioning)
| Fixed effects | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | Fatigue | Depressed mood | Cognitive function | |||||||||
| B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
| Between-person predictor variables (time invariant) df = 98 | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 2.34 | 1.36 | .09 | 4.42 | 1.63 | .008 | 0.94 | 1.14 | .41 | −0.02 | 1.55 | .99 |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.02 | .50 | −0.005 | 0.02 | .77 | −0.009 | 0.02 | .55 | 0.03 | 0.02 | .20 |
| MS type | 0.81 | 0.41 | .05 | 1.24 | 0.45 | .007 | 1.08 | 0.28 | .002 | 1.32 | 0.36 | .0004 |
| UE functioning | 0.002 | 0.01 | .85 | 0.02 | 0.01 | .09 | 0.006 | 0.02 | .71 | −0.01 | 0.01 | .42 |
| LE functioning | −0.05 | 0.01 | .001 | −0.07 | 0.02 | .001 | −0.02 | 0.02 | .33 | −0.02 | 0.02 | .31 |
| Avg. physical activity | 0.006 | 0.002 | .005 | −0.002 | 0.002 | .44 | 0.003 | 0.002 | .18 | 0.004 | 0.003 | .11 |
| Within-person predictor variables—physical activity (preceding symptom) df = 2,080 | ||||||||||||
| Δ Physical activity | 0.0007 | 0.0004 | .09 | −0.002 | 0.0006 | .02 | −0.0007 | 0.0003 | .02 | −0.00003 | 0.0004 | .93 |
| Between- person R-squared | 0.032 | 0.037 | 0.090 | 0.090 | ||||||||
| Within-person R-squared |
0.012 | 0.113 | 0.079 | 0.014 | ||||||||
B unstandardized beta; SE standard error; Δ Person-centered variable representing momentary deviation (change) from a person’s average.
An (AR1) autoregressive matrix was used to model the error variance; Intercept and centered momentary physical activity were included as random effects; MS type relapsing remitting MS subtype, progressive subtypes was reference category; Avg. person-average of EMA symptom ratings during home monitoring period.