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. 2018 Dec 20;13(12):e0209283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209283

Fig 6. Isoflurane amplifies the hippocampal neuroinflammatory response to LPS in old mice.

Fig 6

20 month old mice were anesthetized as described and 1 h later received an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (500 ug/kg). Control mice received 30% oxygen plus an equal volume of saline i.p. or LPS. Anesthesia continued for 3 h (4 h total) to mimic ongoing surgery under general anesthesia; controls received 30% oxygen for the same period. Mice were sacrificed 3 h after emergence and TNFα, CCL2 1, and IL10 expression measured in the hippocampus by RT-PCR. As expected, LPS alone increased TNF (~3-fold) and CCL2 (~6-fold). This response was markedly exaggerated in old mice that received anesthesia, with TNF increasing ~6-fold and CCL2 up ~37-fold. Levels of IL-10 were slightly and non-significantly increased after LPS and LPS irrespective of isoflurane exposure (C). Note differences in the y-axis scale. Data expressed as mean ± SD for N = 5–6 animals per treatment condition. * p<0.05, *** p<0.001 by 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons.