Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Author | Year | Animal | Age | N/group | Disease/Condition | Music Intervention | dB | Comparator | dB | Duration/frequency | Tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gao | 2016 | Male Wistar rats | 5–8 wk | 10 | Colorectal cancer bone cancer pain | Mozart K.448 | 60 | No music | – | 1 h/day for 2 weeks | Weight, tumor volume, pain, p38α, p38β |
| Jiang | 2016 | SAMP8 mice | 7.5 mn | 10 | Alzheimer's disease | Musico-electro-acupuncture | – |
1. Electro acupuncture 2. Alzheimer's control |
– | 20 min/day for 15 days | MWM test, brain glucose, amyloid-β frontal lobe |
| Lee | 2016 | Male SD rats | 2 wk | 8 | Autism, valproic acid-induced | Comfortable classical music | 65 | Undisturbed | 1 h/day from PND 15 to PND 28 | SDAT; BDNF, TrkB, BrdU+ (HC) | |
| 2016c | SD rats | PND 1-98 | 5 | – | Mozart K.448 | 70 |
1. Ambient sound 2. K.448 retrograde |
65 | 12 h 8 p.m.−8 a.m. |
MWM test | |
| 2016a | Male SD rats | PND 1-98 | 15 | – | Mozart K.448 | 70 | Ambient noise | 65 | 12 h/ 8 a.m.to 8 p.m. | MWM test BDNF, TrkB | |
| 2016b | Male SD rats | adult | 10 | SE in TLE rats | Mozart K.448 | 70 |
1. Ambient noise 2. Control with saline (no SE) |
75 | 2 h/day 8–10 p.m. day 1–34 after SE | MWM test swimming speed and distance | |
| Cruz | 2015 | Albino Wistar rats | 3–5 mn | 10 | Photoperiod (CD/SD/LD) | Mozart KV361 | 70 | 1. Ambient noise | 50 | 24 h prior to and during tests | EPM test OPF test |
| Kim | 2015 | Male ICR mice | 4 wk | 5 | Anaphylaxis induction | Korean Buk Music | 70 |
1. No music 2. White noise |
70 | 5 min | mortality, HIF-1α, VEGF, histamine, TNF-α, IL-1β |
| Kirste | 2015 | Female C57BL/6J mice | 6–8 wk | 10 | – | Mozart K.448 (Transposed to 5–20 kHz) | 70 |
1. Ambient noise 2. Silence 3. White noise 4. Pup calls |
70 | 2 h/day in dark cycle, 3–7 days | BrdU+ cells, BrdU+/Sox2+ cells, cell differentiation |
| Sheikhi | 2015 | Wistar rat | prenatal day 2–20 | 6 | – | Classical Music | 60 | No music | 32 | 90 min 2/day | Corticosterone mother, neuroplasticity fetus |
| Escribano | 2014 | Female Wistar rat | 3 mn | 6 | 1. Normal 2. OVX/sham |
Mozart K.448 | 65 |
1. Ambient Noise 2. White Noise |
55 | 45 min before and during tests | EPM test LDT test |
| de Camargo | 2013 | Albino Wistar rats | 3–5 mn | 10 | 1. Simvastatin 2. Silence |
Mozart KV361 | 70 | 1. Ambient noise | 50 | 1 month music 5 h/day, then 24 h prior to/during tests | EPM test, OPF test, object recognition test |
| Kim | 2013 | SD Rats | new born | 5 | – | Comfortable music | 65 |
1. Control 2. Noise |
1. −2.95 | 1 h/day from day 15 pregnancy till delivery | neurogenesis: BrdU MC, SC Thickness MC, SC |
| Zhang | 2013 | Male Wistar Rat | – | 5 | LSSD (stress by bondage, diet irregularity) | Gong Tone | – |
1. No music 2. Xiaoyoa Powder 3. Combined 4. No LSSD control |
– | 45 min | Gastrin, IgG, T-cell proliferation, macrophages |
| Marzban | 2012 | Male Wistar rat | new born | 15 | - | Mozart K.448 | 90 | No music | – | 6 h/night for 60 days | BDNF (HC) |
| Tasset | 2012 | Male Wistar rat | 20 mn | 5–6 | 1. normal 2. haloperidol blocking DA-system |
Mozart K.448 | 65 | No music | – | 2*2 h/day over 4 days | brain dopamine (PFC, SN, MS) prolactin corticosterone |
| Uchiyama | 2012 | C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/c mice | 8–12 wk | Opera | 60 | 1. Mozart classical 2. No music |
40 | 24 h/day 6 days after Tx | heart Tx: survival, | ||
| 3. New Age 4. Different frequencies 5. Eardrum perforation |
IL-4, IL-10, IL-3, TNF-γ adoptive Tx: splenocytes, CD4+, Foxp3, CD4+CD25+ | ||||||||||
| Akiyama | 2011 | Male SHR | 12 wk | 10 | SHR | Mozart K.205 | 70 |
1. No music 2. 4 kHz−16 kHz 3. 250 Hz−2 kHz 4. 32–125 Hz |
35 | 10 h (12–22 h) | BP tail-cuff method |
| da Cruz | 2011 | Albino Wistar rats | 3–5 mn | 10 | 1. Saline 2. Simvastatin |
Mozart KV361 | 70 | 1. Ambient noise | 50 | 24 h prior to and during tests | EPM test OPF test |
| Amagdei | 2010 | female Wistar rat | new-born | 10–16 | 1. PND1 sham surgery 2. PND1 callosotomy |
Sham + 42 Mozart piano sonatas | 70 |
1. Sham
+
No music 2. Callosotomy + music 3. Callosotomy + NM |
– | 12 h/night from PND2-PND32 | T-maze MB |
| Li | 2010 | C57BL/6 wild type, BDNFMet/Met and BDNF+/− mice | adult, 2–3 mn | 6–9 | Anxiety by BDNFMet/Met and BDNF+/− | Diverse Chinese Classical, Western Classical pieces | 55 | 1. Ambient Noise 2. White Noise |
1.40 2. 55 |
6 h/day (18–24 h) for 3 wk | BDNF/TrkB mRNA and quantity (PFC, HC, amygdala), OPF, EPM test |
| Lu | 2010 | male Wistar rat | 21 days | 8 | sensitized asthma, restraint stress (tube) | Asthma + Mozart K.448 | 55 | 1. Ambient Noise 2. Asthma 3. Early asthma 4. Late asthma |
50 | 6 h/day 18–24 h for 14 days from week 11 | leukocytes, eosinophils, IL-4, IL-1β brain, corticosterone |
| Meng | 2009 | male C57BL/ 6J(B6) mice | 28 days | 20 | - | Mozart K.448 | 55 | Ambient noise | 50 | 8 h/day 22–6 h 30 days | DNA microarray: gene expression changes FC/HC OPF test, MWM test, PA task |
| Nakamura | 2009 | male Wistar rats | - | 5 | - | Schumann Traumerei Op.15-7 | 50 |
1. No stimulation 2. White Noise |
50 | 60 min by earphones | GVNA, c-Fos expression in AudC |
| Xu | 2009 | male SD rats | new-born | 4 | - | Mozart K.448 | 70 | No music | 55 | 12 h/d for 42 days starting PND 14 | ASDT, SDDT, NR2B protein expression AudC |
| Erken | 2008 | female Wistar Albino rats | adult | 7 | - | Mozart pieces | 70 |
1. Control 2. Rock Music 3. Noise |
1.42 2. 70 3. 95 |
1 h/day for 14 days | RBC deformability RBC aggregation |
| Feduccia | 2008 | Male SD rats | adult | 11/10 | MDMA | Euphoric House | 70 |
1. White noise 2. No added sound |
70 | During tests | CPP, NAcc DA, 5-HT |
| Lemmer | 2008 | Wistar-Kyoto rat (NR) and SHR | adult | 5 | Hypertension | Mozart No. 40 | 75 |
1. Same but no music 2. Ligeti rock music 3. White Noise |
75 | 2 h | abdominal aorta sensor for SBP, DBP, HR |
| Angelucci | 2007b | Male BALB/c mice | adult (40 days) | 10 | New Age Music (slow rhythm) | 55 | Ambient noise | 50 | 6 h/day for 21 days 6–12 pm | HT BDNF, HT NGF, weight | |
| Angelucci | 2007a | Male BALB/c mice | adult (40 days) | New Age Music (slow rhythm) | 55 | Ambient noise | 50 | 6 h/day for 21 days 6–12 pm | BDNF, NGF, PA task, weight | ||
| Chikahisa | 2007 | Female Slc:ddy mice | 8 wk | 13 | 1. OVX 2. Sham 3. Progesterone inhibitor |
Mozart K.448 | 70 |
1. Ambient Noise 2. White noise |
1.55 2. 70 |
30–45 min before and during test | OPF test, EPM test, LDT test, MB test |
| Nakamura | 2007 | Male Wistar rats | – | 5 | – | Schumann Traumerei | 50 |
1. White Noise 2. Chopin Etude |
50 | 60 min by earphone | arterial BP, RSNA, H3 receptor |
| Xu | 2007 | SD rats | – | 5 | – |
1. (Nightwish) 2. (Nostalgy) |
70 | Control | <45 | 12 h/day from PND 14 | GluR2 protein in AudC and ACC |
| Chikahisa | 2006 | Female Std:ddY mice | Prenatal 7 days, PND 1-68 | 7 | – | Mozart K.448 | 70 | 1. Ambient Noise 2. White noise |
1.55 2. 70 |
Continuously played through dark period | Cross-maze test, BDNF, body weight, corticosterone |
| Kim | 2006 | Offspring SD rats | Prenatal | 5 | – | Music-applied | 65 |
1. Control 2. Noise-applied |
1. −2. 95 | 1 h/day from preND 15 until delivery | Radial-arm maze test PND21, BrdU cells (HC) |
| Kim | 2004 | Offspring SD rats | 12 wk | 5 | - | Music-applied | 65 |
1. Control 2. Noise-applied |
1. −2. 95 | 1 h/day from preND 15 until delivery | TPH, 5-HT (DRN/MRN) |
| Sutoo | 2004 | Male SHR | 12 wk | 10 | Hypertension | Mozart K. 205 | 70 | Ambient noise | 35 | 18–20 h daily | tail-cuff SBP, serum calcium, brain DA |
| Morton | 2001 | C57/BL6 mice | adult | 9/10 | METH | Bach BWV1041 | 95 | 1. The Prodigy 2. Loud WN 3. Ambient Noise |
1.95 2. 95 3. 65 |
3 h | seizures, locomotion, CPP, reactive gliosis |
| Nunez | 2001 | male BALB/c mice male SD rats |
7–12 wk 2 mn |
20 10 |
– W 256 carcinosarcoma |
Herbert von Karajan Adagio | <40 |
1. Unstimulated controls 2. auditory stressor 3. auditory stressor and music |
100 | 9 a.m.−2 p.m./8 days | Lymphocytes, T-cell proliferation, NK-cell activity, ACTH N tumor nodules, %metastasis |
| Rauscher | 1998 | rats | prenatal, PND 0-60 | 30 | – | Mozart K.448 | 65 |
1. White Noise 2. Philip Glass |
65 | 12 h nocturnal until PND 65 | T-maze (working time, N errors) |
| McCarthy* | 1992 | male SD rats | - | 6 | – | Rock music (noise stress) | 70 | Usual environment | 45 | 24 h | lymphocytes, IL1, superoxide anion, temp, activity counts |
| Bueno* | 1988 | male NMRI mice | - | 6 | Fasting | Acoustic stress (by music) | ≤90 |
1. No stress 2. Cold stress |
– | 20 min | Gastric emptying |
Wk, weeks; mn, months; SD rat, Sprague Dawley rat; PND, post-natal day; NM, No Music; WN, White Noise; AS, Ambient Sound; MWM, Morris Water Maze; SDAT, Step Down Avoidance Task; EPM, elevated plus maze; MB, marble burying; LDT, light-dark transition test; OPF open field; PA task, passive avoidance task; ASDT, auditory signal-detection task; SDDT, sound duration discrimination task; CPP, center place preference SE, status epilepticus; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; DA, dopamine; 5-HT, serotonin; TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase; HIF-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; METH, Methamphetamine; PP, place preference; NR, normotensive rat; (S)BP, (systolic) blood pressure; GVNA, gastric vagal nerve activity; RSNA, renal sympathetic nerve activity; LBD, Light-Dark Box transition test; LSSD, liver stagnation and spleen deficiency; FC, forebrain cortex; MC, motor cortex; SC, somatosensory cortex; HC, hippocampus; PFC, prefrontal cortex; FrC, frontal cortex; S, striatum; SN, striatal nucleus; MS, mesencephalon; CC, corpus callosum; AudC, auditory cortex; HT, hypothalamus; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; DRN, dorsal raphe nuclei; MRN, median raphe nuclei; OVX, ovariectomized; Sham, sham operated; temp, temperature.
*
studies in which music intervention was used as stressor.