Table 4.

Immunologic outcomes.

Author	Year	Outcome	Result music	Result comparator	P-value	Music; comparator
Gao	2016	Tumor volume	32.6 ± 12.2	114.3 ± 24.7	0.008	Mozart K.448; NM
Kim	2015	Mortality (%)	44.33 ± 14.01	77.77 ± 9.62	<0.05	Korean Buk; NM
		TNF-α	0.60 ± 0.15	1.44 ± 0.17	<0.05
		Histamine	41.53 ± 1.53	52.72 ± 2.93	<0.05
		IL-1β	1.41 ± 0.43	1.37 ± 0.12	n.s.
		HIF-1	1.07 ± 0.33	1.80 ± 0.39	<0.05
		VEGF	0.116 ± 0.009	0.172 ± 0.008	<0.05
Zhang	2013	Gastrin	=		n.s.	Gong Tone; NM
		IgG (μg/ml)	64.18 ± 1.89	42.80 ± 8.98	<0.01
		T cell (SI)	2.30 ± 0.19	2.03 ± 0.06	<0.01
		Phagocytosis (OD)	0.36 ± 0.08	0.18 ± 0.07	<0.01
Uchiyama	2012	heart Tx:				Opera; NM
		MST (days)	26.5	7	<0.001
		Foxp3CD4+CD25+	↑		<0.001
		IL-4	↑		<0.01
		IL-10	↑		<0.05
		IL-3	↓		<0.05
		IFN-γ	↓		<0.05
		adoptive Tx:
		Splenocytes MST (days)	36	10	<0.01
		CD4+ MST (days)	68	8	<0.001
		CD4+CD25+ MST (days)	>100	8	<0.005
Lu	2010	IL-4 (ng/ml)	1.10 ± 0.17	0.73 ± 0.12	-	Asthma + Mozart K.448; Asthma
		IL-1β brain (ng/ml)	0.082 ± 0.003	0.080 ± 0.004	n.s.
		Leukocytes lung	↓		<0.05
		Eosinophils	↓		<0.05
Nunez	2001	Lymphocytes	↑		<0.05	Adagio; UC
		T-cell proliferation	↑		<0.01
		NK-cell activity	↑		<0.01
		Tumor nodules (N)	=		n.s.
		Area of metastasis (%)	↓		<0.05
McCarthy*	1992	Lymphocytes (N cells)	4413 ± 766	4392 ± 1046	<0.0001	Rock music; UE
		Superoxide anion	2.0 ± 1.5	4.9 ± 9	<0.01
		IL-1	↓		<0.05

The signs “↑/↓/ = ” mean higher/ lower/ equal compared to control. NM, no music; UE, usual environment; UC, unstimulated control; MST, median survival time; SI, stimulation index; OD, optical density. ^*studies in which music intervention was used as stressor.