Table 5.

Physiologic outcomes.

Author	Year	Outcome	Result Music	Result Comparator	P-value	Music; Comparator
Akiyama	2011	BP (mmHg)	↓ 16–28		<0.01	Mozart K.205; NM
Sutoo	2004	BP (mmHg)	↓ 13–24		<0.05	Mozart K.205; NM
		Serum calcium	↑ 5–6%		<0.05
Lemmer	2008	NR				Mozart No.40; own control (cross-over!)
		SBP (mmHg)	=		n.s.
		DBP (mmHg)	=		n.s.
		HR (b/min)	=		n.s.
		SHR
		SBP (mmHg)	=		n.s.
		DBP (mmHg)	=		n.s.
		HR (b/min)	↓		<0.035
Nakamura	2009	GVNA (% baseline)	↑ 154.9 ± 18.5		<0.05	Traumerei; NS
Nakamura	2007	MAP (% baseline)	↓ 87.9 ± 6.1		<0.05	Traumerei; WN
		RSNA (% baseline)	↓ 32.8 ± 10.6		<0.05
Erken	2008	RBCD	↑		<0.05	Classical; Control
		RBCA	↓		<0.01
Lu	2010	Corticosterone	6.47 ± 0.10	7.11 ± 0.16	<0.05	Asthma + Mozart K.448; Asthma
Tasset	2012	Corticosterone	15.18 ± 0.62	19.27 ± 2.14	<0.01	Mozart K.448; NM
		Prolactin	19.90 ± 0.76	28.48 ± 1.75	<0.01
Sheikhi	2015	Corticosterone	29.53 ± 1.43	37.01 ± 2.58	0.02	Classical music; NM
		Body weight	=		n.s.
Chikahisa	2006	Corticosterone	=		n.s.	Mozart K.448; WN; NM
		Body weight	=		n.s.
Angelucci	2007a	Body weight	=		n.s.	New age music; AN
Angelucci	2007b	Body weight	=		n.s.	New age music; AN
Kim	2006	Body weight	=			Music-applied; Control
McCarthy*	1992	Temperature	↑		–	Rock music; NM
		Activity counts	10.3 ± 3.2	8.1 ± 5.1	<0.001
Bueno*	1988	GE (% total meal)	62.8 ± 15.5	42.5 ± 6.5	≤0.05	Acoustic stress; Control
Gao	2016	Weight (gram)	−4.9 ±1.2	−10.5 ± 1.3	0.012	Mozart K.448; NM
		Feed efficiency ratio	62.3 ± 5.8	35.4 ± 6.2	0.026

The signs “↑/↓/ = ” mean higher/ lower/ equal compared to control when no specific original data were presented. NM, no music; NS, no stimulation; WN, white noise; AN, ambient noise; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; GVNA, gastric vagal nerve activity; RSNA, renal sympathetic nerve activity; RBCD, red blood cell deformity; RBCA, red blood cell aggregation; GE, Gastric Emptying. ^*studies in which music intervention was used as stressor.