TABLE 2.
The association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), additionally stratified by sex and smoking status
| Stratification | Subjects | Model 1# | Model 2¶ | p-value+ | ||
| Overall | No PAD | PAD | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Overall | 3123 (100) | 2676 (100) | 447 (100) | |||
| Non-COPD | 3038 (97.3) | 2611 (97.6) | 427 (95.5) | Ref | ||
| COPD | 85 (2.7) | 65 (2.4) | 20 (5.0) | 1.89 (1.13–3.18) | 1.87 (1.10–3.18) | |
| Sex | 0.18 | |||||
| Male | ||||||
| Non-COPD | 1293 (41.4) | 1122 (41.9) | 171 (38.3) | Ref | ||
| COPD | 45 (1.4) | 32 (1.2) | 13 (2.9) | 2.61 (1.33–5.12) | 2.59 (1.04–5.16) | |
| Female | ||||||
| Non-COPD | 1745 (55.9) | 1489 (55.6) | 256 (57.3) | Ref | ||
| COPD | 40 (1.3) | 33 (1.2) | 7 (1.6) | 1.24 (0.54–2.87) | 1.22 (0.53–2.87) | |
| Smoking status | 0.41 | |||||
| Never smoker | ||||||
| Non-COPD | 1066 (34.1) | 921 (34.4) | 145 (32.4) | Ref | ||
| COPD | 15 (0.5) | 13 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 1.00 (0.21–4.47) | 1.20 (0.26–5.57) | |
| Ever smoker | ||||||
| Non-COPD | 1972 (63.1) | 1690 (63.2) | 282 (63.1) | Ref | ||
| COPD | 70 (2.2) | 52 (1.9) | 18 (4.0) | 2.00 (1.14–3.50) | 1.98 (1.12–3.49) | |
Data are presented as n (%) or ratio (95% CI). Data for smoking is represented by imputed values. Values in bold are statistically significant. OR: odds ratio; Ref: reference value. #: model 1 is adjusted for age and sex; ¶: model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, smoking duration in pack-years, hypertension, high-density lipoprotein/cholesterol ratio and diabetes mellitus; +: p-value for interaction, calculated by adding an interaction term to model 2.