Table 2.
Common genes in autoimmunity identified as targets for drugs
| Annotated gene | Genes in direct PPI | Targeted drugs | Action | Indication | Potential new clinical application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicated for CeD, RA, T1D, and/or SSc | |||||
| CD28 | CD80 | Abatacept | Antagonist | RA | CeD |
| IL12A/TYK2 | IL6R | Tocilizumab | Antibody | RA | CeD, SSc, T1D |
| Sarilumab | Antagonist, antibody | RA | |||
| IL1R1 | Anakinra | Antagonist | RA | ||
| PTPN2/STAT4 | JAK1/JAK2/JAK3 | Tofacitinib | Inhibitor | RA | CeD, SSc, T1D |
| TNFAIP3 | TNF | Etanercept | Antibody | RA | CeD, SSc, T1D |
| Adalimumab | Antibody | RA | |||
| Infliximab | Inhibitor | RA | |||
| Other indications | |||||
| CD28 | CD2 | Alefacept | Inhibitor | Psoriasis | CeD, RA |
| CD28/IL12A/IL2RA/STAT4/TYK2 | IFNG | Olsalazine | NA | Inflammatory bowel disease | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| CCL21 | C5 | Eculizumab | Antibody | Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria | CeD, RA |
| CXCR4 | Plerixafor | Antagonist | Cancer | ||
| CCL21/IL12A/TYK2 | CCR5 | Maraviroc | Antagonist | HIV | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| CTLA4 | Ipilimumab | NA | Cancer | RA, T1D | |
| FASLG/IL12A/IL2RA/IRF5/STAT4/TYK2 | IL12B | Ustekinumab | Antibody | Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| IL12A/IL2RA/TYK2 | IL3RA | Sargramostim | Agonist | Cancer | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| IL12A/IRF5/TYK2 | IL1B | Canakinumab | Binder | Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| IL12A/TYK2 | IFNGR1 | Interferon gamma-1b | Chronic granulomatous disease | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D | |
| IL2RA | Aldesleukin | Agonist, Modulator | Cancer | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D | |
| Basiliximab | Antibody | Kidney transplant rejection | |||
| Daclizumab | Antibody | Multiple sclerosis | |||
| Denileukin diftitox | Binder | Cancer | |||
| IL2RA/IRF5/TYK2 | IL6 | Siltuximab | Antagonist antibody | Castleman’s disease | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| IL2RA/STAT4/TYK2 | IL23A | Guselkumab | Blocker | Psoriasis | CeD, RA, SSc, T1D |
| ITGA4 | Natalizumab | Antibody | Multiple sclerosis | CeD, SSc | |
| Vedolizumab | Antibody | Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis | |||
Target genes for both drugs used for the treatment of the studied autoimmune diseases as well as drugs used for other indications are shown in the Table. NA, not available. Last column indicates those diseases that could potentially benefit from drug repositioning, since they are contributing (included in the best subset) to the association signal/s observed within each locus