TABLE 1.

Comparison of the different technologies for rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance

Technology	LOD (CFU/ml)a	Sensitivity (%)b	Specificity (%)b	TATc	Price/sample ($)	References
Molecular genetics	102–2 × 104	96–99	96–99	1–3 h	5–50d	21–23
Biochemical methods	6 × 108	90–99	96–100	30 min–2 h	1–5e	24–29
Immunoassays	104–106	96–100	97–100	20 min	7–15f	30–33
Electrochemical assays	106–109	95–96	100	5–30 min	1 (plus $100 for the homemade reader)g	34–36
MALDI-TOF MS	105–106	98–100	92–100	30 min–3 h	1–10	44, 53–55, 60–66, 132

^aLOD, limit of detection, expressed in CFU per milliliter, of the different technologies.

^bRanges of sensitivity and specificity of the different technologies.

^cTAT, turnaround time of the different technologies.

^dThe price is lower if performing in-house methods and maximum if using commercial kits.

^eThe price is lower if performing in-house methods and maximum if using the Rapidec Carba NP system (bioMérieux).

^fThe price increases if resistance detection is focused on more than one cassette. The prices for OXA-48 K-SeT and KPC K-SeT are around $7/sample, the price for O.K.N. K-SeT is around $14/sample (detection of OXA-48, KPC, and NDM in the same test), and the price for O.K.N.V. K-SeT is around $15/sample (detection of OXA-48, KPC, NDM, and VIM in the same test).

^gThe price is around $1/sample, the electrodes are made in-house and cost around $2/electrode, and the reader is also produced in-house, at about $100.