. 2018 Dec 20;18:224. doi: 10.1186/s12903-018-0686-0

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with caries

Variables	Categories	Frequency (%)	dmft (_{Mean ± SD})	Prevalence (%)	Univariate analysis^a		Multivariate analysis^b
Variables	Categories	Frequency (%)	dmft (_{Mean ± SD})	Prevalence (%)	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Diet habits
Breastfeeding	Exclusively breastfed	36.35	2.71 ± 3.808	54.25	1		1
	Predominantly breastfed	17.05	2.27 ± 3.524	48.68	0.948	0.795–1.132	0.770	0.616–0.961*
	Mixed feeding (50/50)	17.12	1.82 ± 3.016	44.02	0.786	0.658–0.939**	0.676	0.542–0.844***
	Exclusively formula-fed	20.14	2.08 ± 3.409	45.52	0.835	0.709–0.984*	0.687	0.557–0.847***
	Predominantly formula-fed	9.34	2.40 ± 3.608	47.21	0.894	0.704–1.136	0.746	0.566–0.983*
Frequency of sugary snack intake	Seldom / never	38.85	1.95 ± 3.287	44.68	1		1
	One time a week	12.95	1.89 ± 3.271	45.58	0.837	0.683–1.027	1.072	0.839–1.371
	2–6 times a week	20.17	2.39 ± 3.499	51.46	1.060	0.901–1.248	1.222	0.987–1.513
	One time a day	17.53	2.83 ± 3.888	54.06	1.177	0.988–1.402	1.320	1.051–1.657*
	≥2 times a day	10.49	3.27 ± 4.017	57.28	1.341	1.068–1.685*	1.411	1.057–1.883*
Frequency of sugary drink intake	Seldom / never	73.96	2.18 ± 3.415	48.22	1		1
	One time a week	9.31	2.53 ± 3.988	45.90	0.848	0.667–1.079	0.876	0.669–1.147
	2–6 times a week	7.92	3.03 ± 3.951	57.89	1.375	1.057–1.788*	1.232	0.917–1.655
	One time a day	5.73	2.66 ± 3.741	52.73	1.115	0.822–1.514	0.955	0.679–1.343
	≥2 times a day	3.09	2.80 ± 3.590	51.69	1.070	0.706–1.621	0.834	0.518–1.342
Frequency of sugary milk/yogurt intake	Seldom / never	34.65	2.32 ± 3.497	48.70	1		1
	One time a week	7.40	1.98 ± 3.388	44.13	0.790	0.603–1.035	0.803	0.589–1.096
	2–6 times a week	15.56	2.48 ± 3.727	50.45	1.018	0.846–1.225	0.930	0.736–1.175
	One time a day	30.97	2.21 ± 3.423	49.22	0.969	0.850–1.105	0.911	0.753–1.103
	≥2 times a day	11.42	2.67 ± 3.864	51.67	1.069	0.861–1.327	0.942	0.721–1.230
Frequency of snacking before sleep	Never	39.34	1.94 ± 3.173	45.01	1		1
	Occasionally	50.31	2.39 ± 3.603	50.10	1.004	0.906–1.113	1.213	1.027–1.434*
	Often	10.35	3.46 ± 4.309	60.07	1.504	1.193–1.897***	1.730	1.315–2.277***
Lifestyle habits
Residence	Urban	49.58	1.79 ± 3.032	42.37	1		1
Residence	Rural	50.42	2.86 ± 3.922	55.79	1.262	1.138–1.399***	1.653	1.418–1.928***
Age at starting to brush	Before or within first year	5.38	1.82 ± 2.957	42.58	1		1
	2nd year	21.84	1.96 ± 3.274	44.99	0.818	0.699–0.957*	0.895	0.629–1.273
	3rd year	31.84	2.64 ± 3.777	52.56	1.108	0.973–1.261	1.155	0.818–1.632
	4th year	11.18	3.07 ± 3.904	61.49	1.597	1.276–1.999***	1.613	1.084–2.399*
	5th year	2.12	2.98 ± 4.002	47.54	0.906	0.548–1.498	0.923	0.502–1.696
	Never/not sure	27.64	2.00 ± 3.320	44.85	0.813	0.707–0.935**	0.752	0.534–1.058
Tooth brushing frequency	Occasionally or never	27.01	1.95 ± 3.251	44.34	1		1
	Often, but not every day	2.12	1.64 ± 2.881	42.62	0.743	0.447–1.234	0.606	0.307–1.200
	One time a day	49.38	2.48 ± 3.619	52.18	1.091	0.983–1.211	1.009	0.661–1.540
	≥2 times a day	21.49	2.52 ± 3.763	48.79	0.953	0.814–1.115	1.008	0.665–1.527
Fluoride toothpaste use	Yes	10.38	2.45 ± 3.490	52.51	1		1
Fluoride toothpaste use	No	89.62	2.31 ± 3.556	48.74	0.951	0.880–1.027	0.803	0.626–1.031
Parent-assisted brushing	Never	58.19	2.61 ± 3.598	49.76	1		1
	Occasionally	32.53	2.47 ± 3.779	48.77	0.952	0.838–1.082	0.837	0.685–1.023
	Weekly	0.66	2.16 ± 3.060	57.89	1.375	0.553–3.418	1.368	0.529–3.538
	Daily	8.61	1.96 ± 3.287	45.56	0.837	0.652–1.075	0.739	0.549–0.994*

^aUnivariate logistic regression was used to study the association between single independent variables and caries

^bMultivariate logistic regression analysis was used to consider the association between all variables and caries

*P < 0.05

**P < 0.01

***P < 0.001