Table 1.
Micro-Computed Tomography, Biomechanical Testing Data, and Statistical Analysis
| Treatment groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method | Parameter | Empty (A) | CS/HA (B) | CS/HA+ZA (10 μg) (C) | CS/HA+ZA (10 μg)+rhBMP-2 (4 μg) (D) | Statistical differences (between groups) | ||
| Micro-CT (4 weeks) | MV/TV (%) (ROI 1) defect leg | 5.1 (3.1–7.0) n = 12 | 57 (49.1–64.8) n = 12 | 77.4 (71.5–83.4) n = 11 | 71 (61.2–80.8) n = 12 | B, C, D vs. A*** | ANOVA | |
| C vs. B**, D vs. B, ns | G. Howell | |||||||
| D vs. C, ns | Post hoc | |||||||
| MV/TV (%) (ROI 2) defect leg | 6.1 (3.7–8.5) n = 12 | 51.3 (42.5–60.2) n = 12 | 74 (67.7–80.3) n = 11 | 70.4 (61.2–79.6) n = 12 | B,C,D vs. A*** | ANOVA | Wilcoxon | |
| C vs. B**, D vs. B* | G. Howell | Signed Rank Test(Paired Samples) | ||||||
| D vs. C, ns | Post hoc | |||||||
| Micro-CT (8-weeks) | MV/TV (%) (ROI 1) defect leg | 5.9 (3.4–8.3) n = 11 | 18.3 (11.4–25.2) n = 11 | 55.2 (44.5–66) n = 11 | 56.5 (47–66) n = 12 | B vs. A*, C,D vs. A*** | ANOVA | ADf vs. ACl* |
| C, D vs. B*** | G. Howell | BDf vs. BCl ns | ||||||
| D vs. C, ns | Post hoc | CDf vs. CCl** | ||||||
| DDf vs. DCl** | ||||||||
| MV/TV (%) (ROI 1) contralateral leg | 12.4 (8.6–16.2) n = 11 | 14.5 (7.6–21.4) n = 11 | 11.6 (8.3–14.8) n = 11 | 16.8 (10.8–22.9) n = 12 | No statistically significant differences | ANOVA | ||
| Tukey | ||||||||
| HSD | ||||||||
| MV/TV (%) (ROI 2) defect leg | 7.6 (4.7–10.5) n = 11 | 17 (10–24) n = 11 | 58.8 (49.5–68.2) n = 11 | 62.8 (53.4–72.2) n = 12 | B vs. A, ns; C, D vs. A*** | ANOVA | ADf vs. ACl* | |
| C, D vs. B*** | G.Howell | BDf vs. BCl ns | ||||||
| D vs. C, ns | Post hoc | CDf vs. CCl** | ||||||
| DDf vs. DCl** | ||||||||
| MV/TV (%) (ROI 2) contralateral leg | 16.5 (11.5–21.5) n = 11 | 18 (10.7–25.4) n = 11 | 15.5 (11.4–19.6) n = 11 | 21.5 (14.6–28.5) n = 12 | No statistically significant differences | ANOVA | ||
| Tukey | ||||||||
| HSD | ||||||||
| Mechanical testing (8-weeks) | Peak force (N) defect leg | 131.2 (117.7–144.6) n = 8 | 136 (127–144.9) n = 8 | 145.4 (128.3–162.5) n = 9 | 151.2 (137.4–164.9) n = 8 | No statistically significant differences | K-Wallis | ADf vs. ACl ns |
| Multiple sample test | BDf vs. BCl* | |||||||
| CDf vs. CCl ns | ||||||||
| DDf vs. DCl ns | ||||||||
| Peak force (N) contralateral leg | 135.7 (119.5–152) n = 8 | 149.4 (137.1–161.6) n = 8 | 144.5 (135.4–153.6) n = 9 | 145.9 (133.8–158) n = 8 | No statistically significant differences | K-Wallis | ||
| Multiple sample test | ||||||||
| Ratio (defect/contralateral) | 0.98 (0.85–1.11) n = 8 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) n = 8 | 1 (0.92–1.09) n = 9 | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) n = 8 | No statistically significant differences | ANNOVA | ||
| Tukey | ||||||||
| HSD | ||||||||
The subscript Df indicates the defect leg and Cl is contralateral. Data in parentheses represent the lower and upper bounds of the 95% confidence interval. Italicized numbers show the sample size for each evaluation method and each group. Statistical significance is set at: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.
A, empty; B, CS/HA; C, CS/HA + ZA; D, CS/HA + ZA + rhBMP-2; CS, calcium sulphate; HA, hydroxyapatite; ZA, zoledronic acid; rhBMP-2, recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2; micro-CT, micro computed tomography; ROI, region of interest; ns, nonsignificant differences.