Efficacy of lentiviral-delivered β-catenin shRNA in vitro and in vivo. (A) Human BMSCs were treated with lentivirus encoding β-catenin shRNA or control lentivirus-encoded enhanced GFP. Using qRT-PCR, a 73% knockdown was observed, n = 3 per group (B–E) Next, β-catenin shRNA lentivirus was applied in vivo, using a percutaneous intramarrow injection model, n = 6 per group. (B) After 1 week, 52% knockdown was observed by qRT-PCR. (C) After 4 weeks, microCT reconstructions showed a significant reduction in trabecular bone formation. (D, E) Trabecular BMD and BV/TV were significantly reduced with β-catenin shRNA treatment. *p < 0.01 in comparison with control. shRNA, short hairpin; BMD, bone mineral density; BV, bone volume; TV, tissue volume; qRT-PCR, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction; BMSC, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell; GFP, green fluorescent protein; microCT, microcomputed tomography.