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Visualization of skin penetration of the optimized TPGS-ALA-loaded transdermal (left column) and control (right column) films after 0.5, 2, and 4 hours using fluorescence laser microscope (magnification 400×).
Abbreviations: ALA, alpha lipoic acid; TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate.
