Table 2.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for selection

Criterion	Inclusion	Exclusion
Definition of flipped classroom	The flipped classroom should at least include (1) the use of audio or video materials for students’ class preparation, and (2) regular face-to-face class meetings.	The flipped classroom that utilized only text-based materials in out-of-class learning activities, or did not have any regular face-to-face lessons.
Participants	Students in K-12 education settings (e.g., elementary schools, secondary school, high school)	All other students outside the contexts of K-12 education (e.g., higher education, continuing education)
Time period	January 1994 to September 2016.	The studies that outside the time period.
Type of article	The studies must be empirical research published in peer-reviewed journals	The studies that were not peer reviewed
Language	English	Non-English studies