Table 6.

Operational challenges in K-12 flipped classrooms

	Category	Challenges	Supported citations
1.	Students’ IT resources	Student might not have Internet access to view the videos at home.	Chen 2016; Clark 2015; Kettle 2013; Snyder et al. 2014; Wang 2016
2.	Monitoring students outside class	It was difficult to ensure that students had truly watched the video.	Chao et al. 2015
3.	Teachers’ IT skills	Teacher might not be able to upload the videos online.	Chen 2016
4.	Institutional supports	Flipped classroom approach relied on the extent of the investment by schools in computer resources.	Huang and Hong 2016