Table 1.
Study characteristics and patient demographics of the included studies (n = 14)
| Author | Year | Country | Study design | Index test | Reference test | Patients n |
Male n (%) |
Female n (%) |
Age (mean/median) | Follow-up (months) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive ITR | Negative ITR | ||||||||||
| Chen | 1998 | Taiwan | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | None | 203 | 203 (100) | – | 3 days–13 years (mean 32.6 months) | – |
| Chou | 1996 | Taiwan | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Surgical exploration | 179 | Unclear | Unclear | 3 days–14 years (mean 43.1 months) | – |
| Erez | 1996 | Israel | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Clinical follow-up | 200 | Unclear | Unclear | 6 months–13 years | 36–48 |
| Hasanuzzaman | 2011 | Bangladesh | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | None | 30 | 17 (56.7) | 13 (43.3) | 2.5–14 years | – |
| Hata | 2004 | Japan | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | None | 348 | 168 (48.3) | 180 (51.7) | Unclear | – |
| Kaneda | 2015 | Japan | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Clinical follow-up | Clinical follow-up | 105 | 47 (44.8) | 58 (55.2) | 5 days–13 years (median 47 months) | 36 |
| Kazez | 1998 | Turkey | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Surgical exploration | 46 | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | 35 days–2 years (mean 11 months) | – |
| Kazez | 2001 | Turkey | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Clinical follow-up | Clinical follow-up | 29 | 29 (100) | – | 50 days–4 years (mean 20.4 months) | 11 |
| Kervancioglu | 2000 | Turkey | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Clinical follow-up | 121 | Unclear | Unclear | 36 day–15 years (mean 4.7 years) | 6–12 |
| Lawrenz | 1994 | Scotland | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Surgical Exploration | 23 | 23 (100) | – | 0–325 days (mean 86 days) | – |
| Shehata | 2013 | Saudi Arabia | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Surgical Exploration | 246 | 207 (84.1) | 39 (15.9) | 0–1 year (median 45 weeks) | – |
| Toki | 2003 | Japan | Cohort study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Clinical follow-up | 271 | 163 (60.1) | 108 (39.9) | 0–14 years (median 2 years) | 24 |
| Uno | 1992 | Japan | Case-control study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Clinical follow-up | 32 | 21 (65.6) | 11 (34.4) | < 15 years | ≥ 12 |
| Zaidi | 2017 | Pakistan | Cross-sectional study | Ultrasound | Surgical exploration | Clinical follow-up | 287 | 264 (92.0) | 23 (8.0) | 0.5–132 months | ≤ 24 |
ITR index test results