Table 1. Generalized staging criteria for pupal development of B. impatiens.

Stage	Staging criteria
	Primary	Secondary
P0	White eyed, >7 metasomal segments	First abdominal segment not retracted
P1	White eyed, six or seven metasomal segments	Leg segment cylindrical and transparent
P2	White-eyed, Leg segments flat, and opaque
P3	Yellow-eyed	Tanned suture on tegula/forewing junction*
P4	Peach-eyed	Dotted ommatidia
P5	Orange-eyed	Both hexagonal and dotted ommatidia
P6	Red-eyed	Hexagonal ommatidia
P7/7L	Maroon-Brown-eyed	Tanned meso-coxa/mesepisternum suture*
P8	Brown-eyed	Hexagons at eye center filled
P9	Red tinge on mesosoma	Tanned suture on corner of scutellum
P10	Black medial strip on A2
P11	Broken apical metasomal stripes	Peppering at frontal line
P12/12L	Complete apical metasomal stripes	Gray antennal scape
		Black setae star to turn orange
P13/13L	Blackening of lateral-basal proboscis	Black antennal scape, tergites grayish-orange
P14	Abdomen fully black	Flagellomere grayish orange
P15	Antennae fully black	Whole body black
P16	Leg twitching	Extended and wrinkled metasoma

Note:

^*B. impatiens only.